“If we reduced our prison population”: Author interview, Bryan Stevenson, July 14, 2017.
Portugal, which decriminalized all drugs: Drug-related pathologies including sexually transmitted diseases and deaths due to drug usage have also decreased dramatically, attributable to increased treatments made possible by decriminalization and money diverted from criminal justice to treatment, according to Glenn Greenwald, “Drug Decriminalisation in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies,” Cato Institute (white paper), April 2, 2009.
drug addicts were funneled into treatment instead: Portugal’s shift toward a health-centered approach to drugs was even more responsible than decriminalization for drug-rate reductions, Christopher Ingraham, “Why Hardly Anyone Dies from a Drug Overdose in Portugal,” Washington Post, using data from George Murkin’s “Drug Decriminalisation in Portugal: Setting the Record Straight,” published in “Transform: Getting Drugs Under Control,” June 11, 2014, available here: http://www.tdpf.org.uk/blog/drug-decriminalisation-portugal-setting-record-straight.
Ronnie was obstinate to a fault: Author interview, Thomas Jones III, Aug. 6, 2016.
Their family was not without connections: Alex Prewitt, “Petey Jones, Immortalized in ‘Remember the Titans,’ Still Works at T.C. Williams High School,” Washington Post, Oct. 13, 2014; and author interviews, Ronnie and Thomas Jones III.
his maternal grandfather, Thomas “Pete” Jones Sr.: Author interviews, Ronnie and Thomas Jones III, and http://www.alexandriaafricanamericanhalloffame.org/?p=41.
2001, a time when prosecutors: Pfaff, Locked In, 22.
politically safer and economically cheaper: Pfaff, Locked In, and Pfaff, “The Never-Ending ‘Willie Horton Effect’ Is Keeping Prisons Too Full for America’s Good,” Los Angeles Times, May 14, 2017.
everyone involved views the problem too rigidly: Author interview, Robert Pack, May 23, 2017.
recording with the rap band Little Brother: Brandon Soderberg, “Little Brother’s Retirement Party,” Village Voice, April 27, 2010. Thomas Jones III goes by the rapper name Big Pooh and went on to have a solo career under that name. He now writes music and manages rap artists.
“Real Love”: From the 2011 Big Pooh album, Dirty Pretty Things, reprinted with permission of Thomas Jones III.
Jurisdictions across the country increasingly inhibit: Alexes Harris, A Pound of Flesh: Monetary Sanctions as Punishment for the Poor (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2016).
quest to put him behind bars for many years and possibly even for life: Had Jones gone to trial, his maximum sentence could have been 360 months, or thirty years, to life imprisonment: Author interview, Don Wolthuis, Nov. 2, 2017.
Jacobs, the fired first attorney: Author interview, Harrisonburg defense attorney Sherwin Jacobs, July 18, 2017.
the women not only cooperated for less time: Keith Marshall letter to author via CorrLinks, federal prison monitored email, July 8, 2017.
“His biggest thing was, he felt entitled”: Author interview, Alicia Catney, Nov. 26, 2016.
“What I’d been imagining was actually much worse”: Author interview, Kristi Fernandez, Aug. 17, 2016.
In one week in October 2016: Regional overdoses and naloxone attributed to a fentanyl-laced batch in Joe Beck, “Heroin Deaths, Overdoses Increase,” Northern Virginia Daily, Nov. 3, 2016.
“‘I might lose three of my customers, but in the long run’”: Dealers purposely hot-pack fentanyl-laced heroin, according to naloxone trainer Beth Schmidt, who lost her twenty-three-year-old son, Sean, to a fentanyl overdose in 2013 near Baltimore; author interview, Schmidt, May 19, 2017.
studies showing that long-term opioids: Marion Lee et al., “A Comprehensive Review of Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia,” Pain Physician, March-April 2011, available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412369.
more lawsuits were being filed against Purdue: Everett mayor Ray Stephanson sued Purdue Pharma for gross negligence, claiming the company turned a blind eye to pills being funneled into its streets: Stephanie Gosk and David Douglas, “OxyContin Maker Purdue Pharma Hit With Unprecedented Lawsuit by Washington City,” NBC News, March 9, 2017. Ohio attorney general Mike DeWine sued for the state of Ohio to make Purdue and other companies pay for the consequences of the crisis: Alana Semuels, “Are Pharmaceutical Companies to Blame for the Opioid Epidemic?,” Atlantic, June 2, 2017. Cabell County, West Virginia, sued ten wholesale drug distributors, not Purdue, for flooding the state with painkillers, including forty million doses sold from 2007 to 2012: Keegan Hamilton, “Opioid Overload,” VICE News, March 10, 2017. The U.S. Attorney’s Office in Connecticut began a new criminal probe into Purdue’s marketing of OxyContin, according to Nate Raymond, “Opioid Drugmaker Purdue Pharma Faces U.S. Investigation,” Reuters, Oct. 25, 2017.
“The cigarette companies finally caved”: Author interviews, Richard Ausness, Jan. 27 and July 22, 2017.
Haddox punctuated his talk with slides: Author interview, Chip Jones, Richmond Academy of Medicine marketing director, July 25, 2017.
“What’s getting lost here is the prevalence of chronic pain”: Coverage of Haddox’s November 2015 lecture as reported in Lisa Crutchfield, “Opioid Abuse: No Quick Fix,” Ramifications (Richmond Academy of Medicine), Winter 2016.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN. OUTCASTS AND INROADS
Interviews: Nancy D. Campbell, Tonia Moxley, Caroline Jean Acker, Teresa Gardner Tyson, Craig Adams, Dr. Art Van Zee, Wendy Welch, Dr. Sue Cantrell, Sarah Melton, Tammy Bise, Dr. Marc Fishman, Bryan Stevenson, Lori Gates-Addison, Giles Sartin, Don Burke, Robert Pack, Tim Allen, Dr. Jessie Gaeta, Neil Smith, David Avruch, Judge Michael Moore, Bob Garett, Robert Pack, Sue Ella Kobak, Dr. Steve Loyd, Ginger Mumpower, Robin Roth, Janine Underwood, Nancy Hans, Danny Gilbert, Wendy Gilbert, Skyler Gilbert, Britney Chitwood Gilbert, Patricia Mehrmann
“treat it with hope”: Nancy D. Campbell, J. P. Olsen, and Luke Walden, The Narcotic Farm: The Rise and Fall of America’s First Prison for Drug Addicts (New York: Abrams, 2008), 190.
Lawrence Kolb Sr. published a set of: Campbell, Discovering Addiction: The Science and Politics of Substance Abuse Research (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), and author interview, Campbell, Aug. 9, 2017.
due to an ethics scandal over: In 1975, Senator Ted Kennedy led Senate hearings on human experimentation that included harmful LSD and morphine research done on patients, some of it funded by the CIA: Campbell, Olsen, and Walden, The Narcotic Farm, 166–80.
“Perhaps the day”: Ibid., 28.
the CDC to announce voluntary prescribing guidelines: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm.
Why did the American Medical Association: Joyce Frieden, “Remove Pain as 5th Vital Sign, AMA Urged,” MedPage Today, June 13, 2016.