underground to elude capture: Barbara Ruth, “When Susan Got Busted, Philadelphia 1975,” barkingsycamores.wordpress.com/2016/09/15/when-susan-got-busted-philadelphia-1975-barbara-ruth/.
Joan Little and Ella Ellison: “This Day in History, Aug. 15: 1975: Joan Little Acquitted,” Zinn Education Project, www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/joan-little-acquitted.
Dr. Kenneth Edelin: Robert D. McFadden, “Kenneth C. Edelin, Doctor at Center of Landmark Abortion Case, Dies at 74,” New York Times, December 30, 2013.
I wrote the statement: Zillah R. Eisenstein, Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979).
groundwork for intersectionality: Terrion L. Williamson, “Why Did They Die? On Combahee and the Serialization of Black Death,” Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 19, no. 3 (2017): 328–41.
Black Lives Matter movement: Barbara Ransby, Making All Black Lives Matter: Reimagining Freedom in the 21st Century (Oakland: University of California Press, 2018), 2–3.
Colectiva Feminista: Ed Morales, “Feminists and LGBTQ Activists Are Leading the Insurrection in Puerto Rico,” Nation, August 2, 2019.
1979–1984: The War on Drugs
heroin’s resurgence: James Forman, Jr., Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017), 147–48.
“the PCP capital of the world”: Ibid., 135.
come to be called crack: David Farber, Crack: Rock Cocaine, Street Capitalism, and the Decade of Greed (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 38–43.
“We’re making no excuses”: “Text of President and Mrs. Reagan’s Saturday Radio Address,” UPI, October 2, 1982.
people who participated: Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, H.R. Rep. No. 98-598, at 59 (1983).
“the cheapest game in town”: Ibid., 41.
national association surveyed: Ibid., 65.
one twenty-four-hour period: Ibid., 69.
Reagan reversed that ratio: Grischa Metlay, “Federalizing Medical Campaigns Against Alcoholism and Drug Abuse,” Milbank Quarterly 91, no. 1 (2013): 154.
“simple abandonment”: H.R. Rep. No. 98-598, at 115.
“The response of a rational person”: Editorial, “Dead and Dying Infants,” Washington Post, October 4, 1989.
resources to assist: Forman, Locking Up Our Own, 147.
Just 13 percent: Michael Massing, The Fix (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 53.
Legislators in Delaware: Tom Troy, “Lawmaker Recommends Whipping Post for Drug Traffickers,” UPI, January 26, 1989.
most crack users: Shannon Mullen et al., “Crack vs. Heroin: An Unfair System Arrested Millions of Blacks, Urged Compassion for Whites,” Asbury Park Press (December 2, 2019), www.app.com/in-depth/news/local/public-safety/2019/12/02/crack-heroin-race-arrests-blacks-whites/2524961002.
“tarred and feathered”: Editorial, “An Open Letter to PCP Dealers & Other Dogs!” Los Angeles Sentinel, September 25, 1980.
Maxine Waters: Forman, Locking Up Our Own, 134.
“should be dealt with”: Ibid., 137.
“more prosecutors, more judges”: Farber, Crack, 135; H.R. Rep. No. 98-598, at 41.
1984–1989: The Hip-Hop Generation
“I found it almost”: Rakim, Sweat the Technique: Revelations on Creativity from the Lyrical Genius (New York: HarperCollins, 2019), 124–25.
“most important hip-hop”: Rakim, Talib Kweli, and Chuck D, “Sweat the Technique: The Politics and Poetics of Hip-Hop,” a discussion of Rakim’s Sweat at the California African American Museum, March 11, 2020, youtube.com/watch?v=8kmaT4KVGf8.
1989–1994: Anita Hill
“We were all Anita”: DeNeen L. Brown, “The Scathing Ad 1,600 Black Women Bought to Oppose Clarence Thomas,” Washington Post, September 20, 2018.
“In matters of race”: Toni Morrison, “Introduction: Friday on the Potomac,” in Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. Toni Morrison (New York: Pantheon, 1992), xxx.
In Clarence Thomas: Ron Elving, “Anita Hill’s Challenge to Clarence Thomas: A Tale of 2 Lives and 3 Elections,” NPR, September 20, 2018.
“While we appreciate”: William J. Eaton and Douglas Jehl, “NAACP Vows to Fight Thomas’ Confirmation,” Los Angeles Times, August 1, 1991.
“He talked about pornographic”: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, Nomination of Judge Clarence Thomas to Be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 102nd Congress, first sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1991).
“Having made Anita Hill”: Nell Irvin Painter, “Hill, Thomas, and the Use of Racial Stereotype,” in Morrison, Race-ing Justice, 205.
“A conversation”: Morrison, “Introduction,” in Race-ing Justice, xxx.
70 percent of African Americans: “Black Support for Nominee Rises,” Chicago Tribune, October 15, 1991.
Sexual harassment cases: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Enforcement Guidance, Vicarious Employer Liability for Filing a Charge of Discrimination Unlawful Harassment by Supervisors, www.eeoc.gov/employees/charge.cfm; www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/index.cfm.
“Clarence Thomas Effect”: Lawrence Bobo to author, September 13, 2019.
“One can easily amass a lot”: Ibid.
“There is no way”: Anita Hill, “How to Get the Kavanaugh Hearings Right,” New York Times, September 18, 2018.
“We believe Anita Hill”: “We believe Anita Hill. We also believe Christine Blasey Ford” (advertisement), New York Times, September 26, 2018. See Alexandria Symonds and Katie Van Syckle, “Your Beliefs Here: A Look at Advocacy Advertising in The Times,” New York Times, September 28, 2018.
1994–1999: The Crime Bill
“Ultimately, the human cost”: Heather Ann Thompson, Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy (New York: Vintage, 2017), 187–88.