When she runs, Samuelson scans: Longman, J. (October 9, 2010). “Samuelson is still finding the symmetry in 26.2 miles,” The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/sports/10marathon.html; Macur, J. (November 6, 2006). “In under three hours, Armstrong learns anew about pain and racing,” The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/sports/sportsspecial/06armstrong.html.
Research, in fact, confirms: Sugovic, M., Turk, P., and Witt, J. K. (2016). “Perceived distance and obesity: It’s what you weigh, not what you think,” Acta Psychologica 165, 1–8; Sugovic, M., and Witt, J. K. (2013). “An older view of distance perception: Older adults perceive walkable extents as farther,” Experimental Brain Research 226, 383–91.
In one University of Virginia study: Proffitt, D. R., Bhalla, M., Gossweiler, R., and Midgett, J. (1995). “Perceiving geographical slant,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2, 409–28.
In my own lab, I’ve found: For similar results, see Cole, S., Balcetis, E., and Zhang, S. (2013). “Visual perception and regulatory conflict: Motivation and physiology influence distance perception,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 18–22.
Two of my students: Cole, S., Riccio, M., and Balcetis, E. (2014). “Focused and fired up: Narrowed attention produces perceived proximity and increases goal-relevant action,” Motivation and Emotion, 38, 815–22.
Kenya’s Eliud Kipchoge: Robinson, R. (September 16, 2018). “Eliud Kipchoge crushes marathon world record at Berlin Marathon.” Runner’s World, www.runnersworld.com/news/a23244541/berlin-marathon-world-record.
More than 60 percent of Americans: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2018). “Report on the economic well-being of U.S. households in 2017–2018,” www.federalreserve.gov/publications/2018-economic-well-being-of-us-households-in-2017-retirement.htm.
In fact, an analysis released: VanDerhai, J. (2019). “How retirement readiness varies by gender and family status: A retirement savings shortfall assessment of gen Xers,” Employee Benefit Research Institute 471, 1–19.
Assuming a conservative: Fontinelle, A. (October 3, 2018). “Saving for retirement in your 20s: Doing the math.” Mass Mutual Blog, blog.massmutual.com/post/saving-for-retirement-in-your-20s-doing-the-math.
My class project was based: Hershfield, H. E., Goldstein, D. G., Sharpe, W. F., Fox, J., Yeykelis, L., Carstensen, L. L., and Bailenson, J. N. (2011). “Increasing saving behavior through age-progressed renderings of the future self,” Journal of Marketing Research 48, 23–37.
Again, psychologist Hal Hershfield: Van Gelder, J-L., Luciano, E. C., Kranenbarg, W. E., and Hershfield, H. E. (2015). “Friends with my future self: Longitudinal vividness intervention reduces delinquency,” Criminology 53, 158–79.
In another study, those connected: Hershfield, H. E., Cohen, T. R., and Thompson, L. (2012). “Short horizons and tempting situations: Lack of continuity to our future selves leads to unethical decision making and behavior,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 117, 298–310.
In another study, almost: Ibid.
That year also saw civil rights activist: PBS produced a documentary series on the civil rights movement that aired in 1987 called Eyes on the Prize, so named for Wine’s song, which is used in each episode as the opening theme.
3 Plating a Full Plan
In fact, this is exactly what: Byrne, R. (2006). The Secret. New York: Atria Books/Beyond Words.
“Ellen DeGeneres is”: O, The Oprah Magazine cover (December 2009).
In 2016, TD Bank conducted: TD Bank (2016). “Visualizing goals influences financial health and happiness, study finds,” newscenter.td.com/us/en/news/2016/visualizing-goals-influences-financial-health-and-happiness-study-finds.
A study led by a colleague: Kappes, H. B., and Oettingen, G. (2011). “Positive fantasies about idealized futures sap energy,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47, 719–29.
Shelley E. Taylor, a psychologist: Pham, L. B., and Taylor, S. E. (1999). “From thought to action: Effects of process- versus outcome-based mental simulations on performance,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25, 250.
The Center for Responsive Politics: Center for Responsive Politics (October 22, 2008). “U.S. election will cost $5.3 billion, Center for Responsive Politics predicts,” OpenSecrets.org, www.opensecrets.org/news/2008/10/us-election-will-cost-53-billi.
With the stakes so high, social scientists: Rogers, T., and Nickerson, D. (2010). “Do you have a voting plan? Implementation intentions, voter turnout, and organic plan making,” Psychological Science 21, 194–99.
Accepting the possibility: Morgan, J. (March 30, 2015). “Why failure is the best competitive advantage,” Forbes, www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2015/03/30/why-failure-is-the-best-competitive-advantage/#2e4f52e959df.
And after presenting that first checklist: Kaufman, P. D., ed. (2005). Poor Charlie’s Almanack: The Wit and Wisdom of Charles T. Munger. Infinite Dreams Publishing.
Back in Beijing in 2008: Crouse, K. (August 16, 2008). “Phelps’s epic journey ends in perfection,” The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2008/08/17/sports/olympics/17swim.html; Crumpacker, J. (August 13, 2008). “There he goes again: More gold for Phelps,” SFGate, www.sfgate.com/sports/article/There-he-goes-again-more-gold-for-Phelps-3273623.php.
A team of psychologists: Fishbach, A., and Hofmann, W. (2015). “Nudging self-control: A smartphone intervention of temptation anticipation and goal resolution improves everyday goal progress,” Motivation Science 1, 137–50.
Inge Gallo, a researcher: Gallo, I. S., Keil, A., McCulloch, K. C., Rockstroh, B., and Gollwitzer, P. M. (2009). “Strategic automation of emotion regulation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96, 11–31.
Traci Mann, a research psychologist: Mann, T. J., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., Lew, A.-M., Samuels, B., and Chatman, J. (2007). “Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer,” American Psychologist 62, 220–33.
The three-step process: For more information on how foreshadowing failure can assist in dieting, see Henneke, M., and Freund, A. M. (2014). “Identifying success on the process level reduces negative effects of prior weight loss on subsequent weight loss during a low-calorie diet,” Applied Psychology Health and Well Being 6, 48–66.