Facial Action Coding System units for Ross looking through door: Paul Ekman and Erika L Rosenberg, eds., What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), Second Edition (Oxford University Press: New York, 2005), p.14.
a kind of billboard for the heart: Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (London: J. Murray, 1872). Ekman has written extensively on Darwin’s contributions to the understanding of emotional expression. See Paul Ekman, ed., Darwin and Facial Expression (Los Altos, Calif.: Malor Books, 2006).
The plaintiff was Ginnah Muhammad (in footnote): Ginnah Muhammad v. Enterprise Rent-A-Car, 3–4 (31st District, 2006).
For an introduction to the Jarillo-Crivelli study on Trobriand islanders, see Carlos Crivelli et al., “Reading Emotions from Faces in Two Indigenous Societies,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145, no. 7 (July 2016): 830–43, doi:10.1037/xge0000172. Also from this source is the chart comparing success rate of Trobrianders with that of Madrid students.
dozens of videotapes of judo fighters: Carlos Crivelli et al., “Are smiles a sign of happiness? Spontaneous expressions of judo winners,” Evolution and Human Behavior 2014, doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.08.009.
he watched videotapes of people masturbating: Carlos Crivelli et al., “Facial Behavior While Experiencing Sexual Excitement,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 35 (2011): 63–71.
Anger photo: Job van der Schalk et al., “Moving Faces, Looking Places: Validation of the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES),” Emotion 11, no. 4 (2011): 912. Researchgate.
Namibia study: Maria Gendron et al., “Perceptions of Emotion from Facial Expressions Are Not Culturally Universal: Evidence from a Remote Culture,” Emotion 14, no 2 (2014): 251–62.
“This is not to say…freighted with significance”: Mary Beard, Laughter in Ancient Rome: On Joking, Tickling, and Cracking Up (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015), p. 73.
Two German psychologists…ran sixty people through it: Achim Schützwohl and Rainer Reisenzein, “Facial expressions in response to a highly surprising event exceeding the field of vision: A test of Darwin’s theory of surprise,” Evolution and Human Behavior 33, no. 6 (Nov. 2012): 657–64.
“The participants…emotion-face associations”: Schützwohl is drawing from a previous study: R. Reisenzein and M. Studtmann, “On the expression and experience of surprise: No evidence for facial feedback, but evidence for a reverse self-inference effect,” Emotion, no. 7 (2007): 612–27.
Walker put a gun to his ex-girlfriend’s head: Associated Press, “‘Real Smart Kid’ Jailed, This Time for Killing Friend,” Spokane (Wash.) Spokesman-Review, May 26, 1995, http://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/may/26/real-smart-kid-jailed-this-time-for-killing-friend/.
“Whatever these unobserved variables…create noise, not signal”: Kleinberg et al., “Human Decisions,” op. cit.
Chapter Seven: A (Short) Explanation of the Amanda Knox Case
“A murder always…want in a story?”: Amanda Knox, directed by Rod Blackhurst and Brian McGinn (Netflix, 2016). Also from that documentary are the following: Knox’s list of lovers (in footnote); “She started hitting…suspect Amanda” (in footnote); “Every piece of proof…no doubt of this”; and “There is no trace…not objective evidence.”
“The amplified DNA…borderline for interpretation”: Peter Gill, “Analysis and Implications of the Miscarriages of Justice of Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito,” Forensic Science International: Genetics 23 (July 2016): 9–18. Elsevier, doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.02.015.
Judges correctly identify liars: Levine, Duped, chapter 13.
Levine found this pattern: This refers to experiment 27 in Levine’s Duped, chapter 13. See also Timothy Levine, Kim Serota, Hillary Shulman, David Clare, Hee Sun Park, Allison Shaw, Jae Chul Shim, and Jung Hyon Lee, “Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments,” Human Communication Research 37 (2011): 377–403. Also from this source is the performance of trained interrogators on matched and mismatched senders.
In a survey of attitudes toward deception: The Global Deception Research Team, “A World of Lies,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 37, no. 1 (January 2006): 60–74.
“It wasn’t so much…care about this”: Markopolos, No One Would Listen, p. 82.
“And though it’s risky…Tsarnaev smirked” (in footnote): Seth Stevenson, “Tsarnaev’s Smirk,” Slate, April 21, 2015, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/04/tsarnaev-trial-sentencing-phase-prosecutor-makes-case-that-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-shows-no-remorse.html.
“In the Boston Marathon Bombing…remained stony-faced”: Barrett, How Emotions Are Made, p. 231.
“I’d do things…fall-over hilarious”: Amanda Knox, Waiting to Be Heard: A Memoir (New York: Harper, 2013), pp. 11–12; “‘You seem really flexible’…full of contempt,” p. 109; “But what drew laughs…accepting of differences” (in footnote), p. 26; “Ta-dah” moment, p. 91.
Just listen to a handful of quotations: John Follain, Death in Perugia: The Definitive Account of the Meredith Kercher Case from Her Murder to the Acquittal of Raffaele Sollecito and Amanda Knox (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2011), pp. 90–91, 93, 94.
Diane Sawyer interview: “Amanda Knox Speaks: A Diane Sawyer Exclusive,” ABC News, 2013, https://abcnews.go.com/2020/video/amanda-knox-speaks-diane-sawyer-exclusive-19079012.
“What’s compelling to me…distance ourselves from” (in footnote): Tom Dibblee, “On Being Off: The Case of Amanda Knox,” Los Angeles Review of Books, August 12, 2013, https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/on-being-off-the-case-of-amanda-knox.
“We were able…other kinds of investigation”: Ian Leslie, “Amanda Knox: What’s in a face?” The Guardian, October 7, 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/08/amanda-knox-facial-expressions.
“Her eyes…could have been involved”: Nathaniel Rich, “The Neverending Nightmare of Amanda Knox,” Rolling Stone, June 27, 2011, https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-neverending-nightmare-of-amanda-knox-244620/?print=true.
Chapter Eight: Case Study: The Fraternity Party
The Jonsson testimony and description of the incident are from People v. Turner, vol. 6 (March 18, 2016), pp. 274–319. Emily Doe testimony about waking in hospital, vol. 6, p. 445; Brock Turner testimony about amount he drank, vol. 9 (March 23, 2016), pp. 836, 838; police estimate of Turner BAC, vol. 7 (March 21, 2016), p. 554; Julia’s testimony about amount she drank, vol. 5 (March 17, 2016), pp. 208–9, 213; Doe and Turner BAC (in footnote), vol. 7, pp. 553–54; Doe testimony about amount she drank, vol. 6, pp. 429, 433–34, 439; Turner testimony about sexual escalation, vol. 9, pp. 846–47, 850–51, 851–53; prosecution’s closing arguments, vol. 11, March 28, 2016, pp. 1072–73; Turner testimony about grinding, vol. 9, pp. 831–32; Doe testimony about blackout, vol. 6, pp. 439–40; Turner testimony about blackout, vol. 11, pp. 1099–1100; Turner testimony about Doe voice mail, vol. 9, p. 897.