It was subsequently discovered: American National Biography, s.v. “Lawrence, John Hundale.”
From this, it was realized: Armstrong, Gene That Cracked the Cancer Code, 53, 253–54; Nature, Jan. 12, 2017, 154.
The breakthrough moment was in 1968: “Childhood Leukemia Was Practically Untreatable Until Don Pinkel and St. Jude Hospital Found a Cure,” Smithsonian, July 2016.
A significant fraction of childhood cancer deaths: Nature, March 30, 2017, 608–9.
2.4 million fewer people have died: “We’re Making Real Progress Against Cancer. But You May Not Know It if You’re Poor,” Vox, Feb. 2, 2018.
no more than 2 to 3 percent of cancer research money: Nature, March 24, 2011, S4.
CHAPTER 22: MEDICINE GOOD AND BAD
whatever he learned about soil fertility: “The White Plague,” New York Review of Books, May 26, 1994.
Selman Waksman was awarded the Nobel Prize: Literary Review, Oct. 2012, 47–48; Guardian, Nov. 2, 2002.
By one reckoning, life expectancy on Earth: Economist, April 29, 2017, 53.
“At some point between 1900 and 1912”: Nature, March 24, 2011, 446.
a British epidemiologist named Thomas McKeown: Wootton, Bad Medicine, 270–71.
McKeown’s thesis attracted a good deal: American Journal of Public Health, May 2002, 725–29; “White Plague”; Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, 314–15.
males in the East End of Glasgow: “Between Victoria and Vauxhall,” London Review of Books, June 1, 2017.
For every 400 middle-aged Americans: Economist, March 25, 2017, 76.
Among rich countries, America is at or near: “Why America Is Losing the Health Race,” New Yorker, June 11, 2014.
Even sufferers of cystic fibrosis: “Stunning Gap: Canadians with Cystic Fibrosis Outlive Americans by a Decade,” Stat, March 13, 2017.
One-fifth of all the money: “The US Spends More on Health Care Than Any Other Country,” Washington Post, Dec. 27, 2016.
“Even wealthy Americans are not isolated”: “Why America Is Losing the Health Race.”
A U.S. teenager is twice as likely to be killed: “American Kids Are 70% More Likely to Die Before Adulthood Than Kids in Other Rich Countries,” Vox, Jan. 8, 2018.
A helmeted rider is 70 percent: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety figures.
An angiogram, a survey by The New York Times found: “The $2.7 Trillion Medical Bill,” New York Times, June 1, 2013.
One commonly accepted yardstick: “Health Spending,” OECD Data, data.oecd.org.
when 160 gynecologists were asked: Jorgensen, Strange Glow, 298.
“most doctors take money or gifts”: “Drug Companies and Doctors: A Story of Corruption,” New York Review of Books, Jan. 15, 2009.
“they just had better blood-pressure numbers”: “When Evidence Says No but Doctors Say Yes,” Atlantic, Feb. 22, 2017.
But when the same drugs were tried on humans: “Frustrated Alzheimer’s Researchers Seek Better Lab Mice,” Nature, Nov. 21, 2018.
So for most people there is: “Aspirin to Prevent a First Heart Attack or Stroke,” NNT, Jan. 8, 2015, www.thennt.com.
low-dose aspirin actually is not effective: National Institute for Health Research press release, July 16, 2018.
CHAPTER 23: THE END
more people globally died: Nature, Feb. 2, 2012, 27.
“Nearly a third of Americans who die”: Economist, April 29, 2017, 11.
In 1940, that probability was reached: “Special Report on Aging,” Economist, July 8, 2017.
if we found a cure for all cancers tomorrow: Economist, Aug. 13, 2016, 14.
Of nothing is that more true: Hayflick interview, Nautilus, Nov. 24, 2016.
“For every year of added life”: Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, 242.
In the United States, the elderly constitute: Davis, Beautiful Cure, 139.
Zhores Medvedev, a Russian biogerontologist: “Rethinking Modern Theories of Ageing and Their Classification,” Anthropological Review 80, no. 3 (2017).
He discovered that cultured human stem cells: “The Disparity Between Human Cell Senescence In Vitro and Lifelong Replication In Vivo,” Nature Biotechnology, July 1, 2002.
A study by geneticists at the University of Utah: University of Utah Genetic Science Learning Center report, “Are Telomeres the Key to Aging and Cancer?”
“If all aging was due to telomeres”: “You May Have More Control over Aging Than You Think…,” Stat, Jan. 3, 2017.
Most of us would almost certainly: Harman obituary, New York Times, Nov. 28, 2014.
“It is a massive racket”: “Myths That Will Not Die,” Nature, Dec. 17, 2015; “No Truth to the Fountain of Youth,” Scientific American, Dec. 29, 2008.
“antioxidant supplementation did not lower”: “The Free Radical Theory of Aging Revisited,” Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 19, no. 8 (2013).
After the age of forty, the volume of blood: Nuland, How We Die, 53.
At least two species of whales: Naked Scientists, podcast, Feb. 7, 2017.
Two principal theories have been advanced: Bainbridge, Middle Age, 208–11.
It is a myth, incidentally, that menopause: Ibid., 199.
A study by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine: Scientific American, Sept. 2016, 58.
only about one person in ten thousand: “The Patient Talks Back,” New York Review of Books, Oct. 23, 2008.
The Gerontology Research Group: “Keeping Track of the Oldest People in the World,” Smithsonian, July 8, 2014.
Costa Ricans have only about one-fifth: Marchant, Cure, 206–11.
she might have been suffering: Literary Review, Aug. 2016, 35.
about 30 percent of elderly people: “Tau Protein—Not Amyloid—May Be Key Driver of Alzheimer’s Symptoms,” Science, May 11, 2016.
Virtuous living doesn’t eliminate: “Our Amazingly Plastic Brains,” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 6, 2015.
In Britain, dementias cost the National Health Service: Inside Science, BBC Radio 4, Dec. 1, 2016.