The fruits that Shakespeare ate: Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, 265; “Best Before?,” New Scientist, Oct. 17, 2015.
the most popular vegetable in America: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, April 2011, 158.
The average American consumes: “Clearing Up the Confusion About Salt,” New York Times, Nov. 20, 2017.
A meta-analysis at McMaster University: Chemistry World, Sept. 2016, 50.
“We found that the published literature”: International Journal of Epidemiology, Feb. 17, 2016.
“Well, actually originally it was to impress a girl”: Interview with Professor Christopher Gardner, Palo Alto, Calif., Jan. 29, 2018.
Roughly 40 percent of people with diabetes: Nature, Feb. 2, 2012, 27.
“50 percent genetic and 50 percent cheeseburger”: National Geographic, Feb. 2007, 49.
CHAPTER 15: THE GUTS
The surface area of all that tubing: Vogel, Life’s Devices, 42.
Food lingers inside a woman: Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, 19.
That’s why you are constantly told: “Fiber Is Good for You. Now Scientists May Know Why,” New York Times, Jan. 1, 2018.
The rumblings of your gut: Enders, Gut, 83.
Every year three thousand people: “A Bug in the System,” New Yorker, Feb. 2, 2015, 30.
“but had decided that cooking them”: Food Safety News, Dec. 27, 2017.
According to a USDA study: “Bug in the System,” 30.
251 In America, the problems of foodborne illness: Ibid.
“People tend to blame the last thing they ate”: “What to Blame for Your Stomach Bug? Not Always the Last Thing You Ate,” New York Times, June 29, 2017.
After drifting around for a few years: “Men and Books,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, June 1959.
nearly 400,000 people are hospitalized: “The Global Incidence of Appendicitis: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Studies,” Annals of Surgery, Aug. 2017.
The incidence of acute appendicitis: Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, 43.
Lipes’s bedside manner was not: New York Times obituary, April 20, 2005.
People flocked to him from all around the world: “Killing Cures,” New York Review of Books, Aug. 11, 2005.
Every gram of feces you produce: Money, Amoeba in the Room, 144.
Even samples taken from two ends: Nature, Aug. 21, 2014, 247.
Two strains of E. coli: Zimmer, Microcosm, 20; Lane, Power, Sex, Suicide, 119.
E. coli wasn’t named for him until 1918: Clinical Infectious Diseases, Oct. 15, 2007, 1025–29.
“The olfactory nerves become paralyzed”: Roach, Gulp, 253.
“many recorded examples of explosion”: “Fatal Colonic Explosion During Colonoscopic Polypectomy,” Gastroenterology 77, no. 6 (1979).
CHAPTER 16: SLEEP
In 1989, in an experiment: “Sleep Deprivation in the Rat,” Sleep 12, no. 1 (1989).
People with early signs of hypertension: Nature, May 23, 2013, S7.
“If sleep does not serve”: Scientific American, Oct. 2015, 42.
Even quite simple creatures like nematodes: New Scientist, Feb. 2, 2013, 38–39.
Aserinsky’s volunteer subject for the first night’s test: “The Stubborn Scientist Who Unraveled a Mystery of the Night,” Smithsonian, Sept. 2003; “Rapid Eye Movement Sleep: Regulation and Function,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, June 15, 2013.
Sleep is so shallow in these first two stages: Martin, Counting Sheep, 98.
Typically, a man will be erect: Ibid., 133–39; “Cerebral Hygiene,” London Review of Books, June 29, 2017.
The average person turns over: Martin, Counting Sheep, 104.
when a dozen airline pilots on long-haul flights: Ibid., 39–40.
That may explain why we: Burnett, Idiot Brain, 25; Sternberg, NeuroLogic, 13–14.
One member of an audience shouted: Davis, Beautiful Cure, 133.
“They struggled to accept that something”: Interview with Professor Russell Foster, Brasenose College, Oxford, Oct. 17, 2018.
“The pineal is not our soul”: Bainbridge, Beyond the Zonules of Zinn, 200.
When asked to estimate the passage: Shubin, Universe Within, 55–67.
“Around half of these bestselling drugs”: Davis, Beautiful Cure, 37.
Later start times have been shown: “Let Teenagers Sleep In,” New York Times, Sept. 20, 2018.
Insomnia has been linked to diabetes: “In Search of Forty Winks,” New Yorker, Feb. 8–15, 2016.
women who regularly worked night shifts: “Of Owls, Larks, and Alarm Clocks,” Nature, March 11, 2009.
About 50 percent of people who snore: “Snoring: What to Do When a Punch in the Shoulder Fails,” New York Times, Dec. 11, 2010.
The most extreme and horrifying form: Zeman, Consciousness, 46–47; “The Family That Couldn’t Sleep,” New York Times, Sept. 2, 2006.
Some authorities think prions may also: Nature, April 10, 2014, 181.
The condition affects four million people: “The Wild Frontiers of Slumber,” Nature, March 1, 2018; Zeman, Consciousness, 106–9.
“I remember when I woke up”: Morning Edition, National Public Radio, Dec. 27, 2017.
Yawning doesn’t even correlate reliably: Martin, Counting Sheep, 140.
CHAPTER 17: INTO THE NETHER REGIONS
“On a Presidential visit to a farm”: The story is of course apocryphal.
Nettie Stevens deserves to be better known: “Nettie M. Stevens and the Discovery of Sex Determination by Chromosomes,” Isis, June 1978; American National Biography.
It is just an extraordinary coincidence: Bainbridge, X in Sex, 66.
“literally waited at the foot of the gallows”: “The Chromosome Number in Humans: A Brief History,” Nature Reviews Genetics, Aug. 1, 2006.
That number stuck, universally unquestioned: Ridley, Genome, 23–24.