Richard Herrick of Marlborough: Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, 121–23; “A Transplant Makes History,” Harvard Gazette, Sept. 22, 2011.
As of late 2018, 114,000 people: “The Disturbing Reason Behind the Spike in Organ Donations,” Washington Post, April 17, 2018.
People on dialysis live an extra eight years: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, April 2014.
One possible solution would be to use animal transplants: “Genetically Engineering Pigs to Grow Organs for People,” Atlantic, Aug. 10, 2017.
Altogether humans are afflicted by some fifty types: Davis, Beautiful Cure, 149.
Before 1932, when Burrill Crohn: Blaser, Missing Microbes, 177.
Lieberman suggests that the overuse: Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, 178.
autoimmune diseases are grossly sexist: Bainbridge, X in Sex, 157; Martin, Sickening Mind, 72.
The word’s first appearance in English: Oxford English Dictionary.
Roughly 50 percent of people claim: “Skin: Into the Breach,” Nature, Nov. 23, 2011.
one child on an airplane: Pasternak, Molecules Within Us, 174.
the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: “Feed Your Kids Peanuts, Early and Often, New Guidelines Urge,” New York Times, Jan. 5, 2017.
the well-known hygiene hypothesis: “Lifestyle: When Allergies Go West,” Nature, Nov. 24, 2011; Yong, I Contain Multitudes, 122; “Eat Dirt?,” Natural History, n.d.
CHAPTER 13: DEEP BREATH: THE LUNGS AND BREATHING
Every time you breathe, you exhale: Chemistry World, Feb. 2018, 66.
about 20 percent of all antibiotic prescriptions: Scientific American, Feb. 2016, 32.
sneeze droplets can travel up to eight meters: “Where Sneezes Go,” Nature, June 2, 2016; “Why Do We Sneeze?,” Smithsonian, Dec. 29, 2015.
Our lungs can hold about six quarts: “Breathe Deep,” Scientific American, Aug. 2012.
If you are an average-sized adult: West, Scale, 152.
Before opening his mail: Carter, Marcel Proust, 72.
Wherever he was in the world: Ibid., 224.
asthma remains the fourth leading cause: Jackson, Asthma, 159.
Japan, for instance, has not seen a great increase: “Lifestyle: When Allergies Go West,” Nature, Nov. 24, 2011.
“You probably think asthma is caused”: Interview with Professor Neil Pearce, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Nov. 28, 2018.
In an asthma attack, the airways narrow: “Asthma: Breathing New Life into Research,” Nature, Nov. 24, 2011.
In what way exactly Western lifestyles: “Lifestyle: When Allergies Go West”; “Asthma and the Westernization ‘Package,’ ” International Journal of Epidemiology 31 (2002): 1098–102.
A person who smokes cigarettes regularly: “Getting Away with Murder,” New York Review of Books, July 19, 2007.
When Britain’s minister of health, Iain Macleod: Wootton, Bad Medicine, 263.
“No one has established that cigarette smoke”: “Getting Away with Murder.”
the average American adult was smoking: A Reporter at Large, New Yorker, Nov. 30, 1963.
The number of cigarettes smoked: Smith, Body, 329.
one of the members of the board: “Cancer: Malignant Maneuvers,” New York Review of Books, March 6, 2008.
As late as 1973, Nature ran an editorial: “Get the Placentas,” London Review of Books, June 2, 2016.
The world record for hiccups: Sioux City Journal, Jan. 4, 2015.
CHAPTER 14: FOOD, GLORIOUS FOOD
Americans today consume about 25 percent: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Jan. 2017, 134.
The father of caloric measurement: American National Biography, s.v. “Atwater, Wilbur Olin”; USDA Agricultural Research Service website; Wesleyan University website.
we should eat a lot of meat: McGee, On Food and Cooking, 534.
You may eat 170 calories’ worth of almonds: “Everything You Know About Calories Is Wrong,” Scientific American, Sept. 2013.
“You can’t possibly have a large brain”: Interview with Professor Daniel Lieberman, London, Oct. 22, 2018.
“a figment of the imagination”: Gratzer, Terrors of the Table, 170.
“such a poorly done paper”: “Nutrition: Vitamins on Trial,” Nature, June 25, 2014.
Americans can choose from among: “How Did We Get Hooked on Vitamins?,” The Inquiry, BBC World Service, Dec. 31, 2018.
He took up to forty thousand milligrams: “The Dark Side of Linus Pauling’s Legacy,” Quackwatch, Sept. 14, 2014.
Proteins are complicated molecules: Smith, Body, 429.
Why evolution has wedded us: Challoner, Cell, 38.
most traditional diets in the world: McGee, On Food and Cooking, 534.
Virtually all carbohydrates in the diet: Ibid., 803.
a 150-gram serving of white rice: New Scientist, June 11, 2016, 32.
For complex chemical reasons: Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, 255.
an avocado has five times as much saturated fat: New Scientist, Aug. 2, 2014, 35.
Not until 2004 did the American Heart Association: Kummerow obituary, New York Times, June 1, 2017.
The idea has been traced to a 1945 paper: More or Less, BBC Radio 4, Jan. 6, 2017.
People allowed to drink all the water: Roach, Grunt, 133.
Drinking too much water: “Can You Drink Too Much Water?,” New York Times, June 19, 2015; “Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill,” Scientific American, June 21, 2007.
Over a lifetime, we eat about sixty tons of food: Zimmer, Microcosm, 56.
far more people on Earth suffer from obesity: Nature, Feb. 2, 2012, 27.
One chocolate chip cookie a week: New Scientist, July 18, 2009, 32.
The person most responsible: Keys obituary, Washington Post, Nov. 2, 2004; Keys obituary, New York Times, Nov. 23, 2004; Journal of Health and Human Behaviour (Winter 1963): 291–93; American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (March 2010).
One-fifth of all young people in America: “What Not to Eat,” New York Times, Jan. 2, 2017; “How Much Harm Can Sugar Do?,” New Yorker, Sept. 8, 2015.