Researchers predisposed against the reflexive use of medication: Whitaker, Mad in America, 207–8.
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Sure enough, with the Galvins, DeLisi and McDonough found something: O. R. Homann, K. Misura, E. Lamas, R. W. Sandrock, P. Nelson, Stefan McDonough, and Lynn E. DeLisi, “Whole-Genome Sequencing in Multiplex Families with Psychoses Reveals Mutations in the SHANK2 and SMARCA1 Genes Segregating with Illness,” Molecular Psychiatry 21, no. 12 (December 2016): 1690–95.
a team from the Broad Institute in Cambridge: Aswin Sekar, Allison R. Bialas, Heather de Rivera, Avery Davis, Timothy R. Hammond, Nolan Kamitaki, et al., “Schizophrenia Risk from Complex Variation of Complement Component 4,” Nature 530, no. 7589 (February 2016): 177–83.
others had conducted separate studies: Audrey Guilmatre, Guillaume Huguet, Richard Delorme, and Thomas Bourgeron, “The Emerging Role of SHANK Genes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: SHANK Genes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders,” Developmental Neurobiology 74, no. 2 (February 2014): 113–22. Also see Ahmed Eltokhi, Gudrun Rappold, and Rolf Sprengel, “Distinct Phenotypes of SHANK2 Mouse Models Reflect Neuropsychiatric Spectrum Disorders of Human Patients with SHANK2 Variants,” Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 11 (2018).
“a collection of neurodevelopmental disorders”: Thomas R. Insel, “Rethinking Schizophrenia,” Nature 468, no. 7321 (November 11, 2010): 187–93.
Another study of SHANK2 and schizophrenia: S. Peykov, S. Berkel, M. Schoen, K. Weiss, F. Degenhardt, J. Strohmaier, B. Weiss, et al., “Identification and Functional Characterization of Rare SHANK2 Variants in Schizophrenia,” Molecular Psychiatry 20, no. 12 (December 2015): 1489–98.
The geneticist Kevin Mitchell has noted: Kevin Mitchell, Innate, 233–34.
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Freedman’s study about choline was published in 2016: Randal G. Ross, Sharon K. Hunter, M. Camille Hoffman, Lizbeth McCarthy, Betsey M. Chambers, Amanda J. Law, Sherry Leonard, Gary O. Zerbe, and Robert Freedman, “Perinatal Phosphatidylcholine Supplementation and Early Childhood Behavior Problems: Evidence for CHRNA7 Moderation,” The American Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 5 (May 2016): 509–16.
In 2017, the American Medical Association approved a resolution: Carrie Dennett: “Choline: The Essential but Forgotten Nutrient,” Seattle Times, November 2, 2017.
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“Like riding the merry-go-round”: Rue L. Cromwell, “Strategies for Studying Schizophrenic Behavior,” Psychopharmacologia 24, no. 1 (March 1, 1972): 121–46.
Hearing Voices Movement: Leudar and Thomas, Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity.
many schizophrenia patients experience favorable long-term outcomes without prescription drugs: M. Harrow and T. H. Jobe, “Does Long-Term Treatment of Schizophrenia with Antipsychotic Medications Facilitate Recovery?,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 962–65. Also see M. Harrow, T. H. Jobe, and R. N. Faull, “Does Treatment of Schizophrenia with Antipsychotic Medications Eliminate or Reduce Psychosis? A 20-Year Multi-Follow-up Study,” Psychological Medicine 44, no. 14 (October 2014): 3007–16.
more evidence that psychosis exists on a spectrum: S. Guloksuz and J. van Os, “The Slow Death of the Concept of Schizophrenia and the Painful Birth of the Psychosis Spectrum,” Psychological Medicine 48, no. 2 (January 2018): 229–44.
One meta-analysis, published in 2013: R. J. Linscott and J. van Os. “An Updated and Conservative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Evidence on Psychotic Experiences in Children and Adults: On the Pathway from Proneness to Persistence to Dimensional Expression Across Mental Disorders,” Psychological Medicine 43, no. 6 (June 2013): 1133–49.
another study in 2015: John J. McGrath, Sukanta Saha, Ali Al-Hamzawi, Jordi Alonso, Evelyn J. Bromet, Ronny Bruffaerts, José Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida, et al., “Psychotic Experiences in the General Population: A Cross-National Analysis Based on 31,261 Respondents from 18 Countries,” JAMA Psychiatry 72, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 697–705.
“early detection and intervention model of care”: “Early Detection and Prevention of Psychotic Disorders: Ready for ‘Prime Time’?,” lecture by Jeffrey Lieberman for the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, February 12, 2019.
so-called “soft interventions”: John M. Kane, Delbert G. Robinson, Nina R. Schooler, Kim T. Mueser, David L. Penn, Robert A. Rosenheck, Jean Addington, et al., “Comprehensive Versus Usual Community Care for First-Episode Psychosis: 2-Year Outcomes from the NIMH RAISE Early Treatment Program,” American Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 4 (October 20, 2015): 362–72.
Australia and Scandinavia: Benedict Carey, “New Approach Advised to Treat Schizophrenia,” New York Times, December 21, 2017.
Lieberman at Columbia is developing: “Early Detection and Prevention of Psychotic Disorders: Ready for ‘Prime Time’?,” lecture by Jeffrey Lieberman for the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, February 12, 2019.
whether the risk of schizophrenia is linked to the condition of an expectant mother’s placenta: Gianluca Ursini, Giovanna Punzi, Qiang Chen, Stefano Marenco, Joshua F. Robinson, Annamaria Porcelli, Emily G. Hamilton, Daniel Weinberger, et al., “Convergence of Placenta Biology and Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia,” Nature Medicine, May 28, 2018, 1.
“half of all young school shooters have symptoms of developing schizophrenia”: Peter Langman, “Rampage School Shooters: A Typology,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 14 (2009): 79–86.
In 2016, the same year as her SHANK2 study, she published a paper: Lynn E. DeLisi, “A Case for Returning to Multiplex Families for Further Understanding the Heritability of Schizophrenia: A Psychiatrist’s Perspective,” Molecular Neuropsychiatry 2, no. 1 (January 8, 2016): 15–19.
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“Emotions are always accompanied…”: Arieti, Interpretation of Schizophrenia, 216.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arieti, Silvano. American Handbook of Psychiatry, Vol. 3. New York: Basic Books, 1959.
———. Interpretation of Schizophrenia. 2nd ed., completely revised and expanded. New York: Basic Books, 1974.
Bair, Deirdre. Jung: A Biography. Boston: Little, Brown, 2003.
Bentall, Richard P. Doctoring the Mind: Is Our Current Treatment of Mental Illness Really Any Good? New York: New York University Press, 2009.