anyone who said differently might not care enough about the people they were treating: Fromm-Reichmann, “Transference Problems in Schizophrenics” (1939), Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 119.
the so-called “gas cure”: Heinz E. Lehmann and Thomas A. Ban, “The History of the Psychopharmacology of Schizophrenia,” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 2 (March 1997): 152–62.
Insulin shock therapy: W. C. Shipley and F. Kant, “The Insulin-Shock and Metrazol Treatments of Schizophrenia, with Emphasis on Psychological Aspects,” Psychological Bulletin 37, no. 5 (1940): 259–84.
Then came the lobotomy: McAuley, The Concept of Schizophrenia, 132.
Kraepelin…turned up little to nothing: Gottesman, Schizophrenia Genesis, 82.
Ernst Rüdin, became a major figure in the eugenics movement: Martin Brüne, “On Human Self-Domestication, Psychiatry, and Eugenics,” Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 2, no. 1 (October 5, 2007): 21.
Kallmann called for sterilizing even “nonaffected carriers”: Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, 11, 31, 42–43, 70.
“Every schizophrenic has some dim notion”: Fromm-Reichmann, “Transference Problems in Schizophrenics” (1939), Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 118.
a new vanguard of American psychoanalysts soon embraced: Silvano Arieti, “A Psychotherapeutic Approach to Schizophrenia,” in Kemali, Bartholini, and Richter, eds., Schizophrenia Today, 245.
Joanne Greenberg: Greenberg, I Never Promised You a Rose Garden.
“There were other powers”: Ibid., 83–84.
“The sick are all so afraid”: Ibid., 46.
“Many parents said—even thought”: Ibid., 33.
“the dangerous influence of the undesirable domineering mother”: Fromm-Reichmann, “Notes on the Mother Role in the Family Group” (1940), Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 291–92.
It was “mainly” this sort of mother: Fromm-Reichmann, “Notes on the Development of Treatment of Schizophrenics by Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy” (1948), Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 163–64.
“a perversion of the maternal instinct”: Rosen, Direct Analysis, 97, 101, cited by Carol Eadie Hartwell, “The Schizophrenogenic Mother Concept in American Psychiatry,” Psychiatry 59, no. 3 (August 1996): 274–97.
“American women are very often the leaders”: Fromm-Reichmann, “Notes on the Mother Role in the Family Group.”
“cold,” “perfectionistic,” “anxious,” “overcontrolling,” and “restrictive”: John Clausen and Melvin Kohn, “Social Relations and Schizophrenia: A Research Report and a Perspective,” in Don D. Jackson, The Etiology of Schizophrenia, 305.
“prototype of the middle class Anglo-Saxon American Woman”: Suzanne Reichard and Carl Tillman, “Patterns of Parent-Child Relationships in Schizophrenia,” Psychiatry 13, no. 2 (May 1950): 253, cited by Hartwell, “The Schizophrenogenic Mother Concept in American Psychiatry.”
the “double-bind”: Gregory Bateson, Don D. Jackson, Jay Haley, and John Weakland, “Toward a Theory of Schizophrenia,” Behavioral Science 1, no. 4 (January 1, 1956): 251–64.
These descriptions seemed to lack a certain coherence: Hartwell, “The Schizophrenogenic Mother Concept in American Psychiatry,” 286.
“became dangerous figures to males”: Lidz, Schizophrenia and the Family, 98, 83, cited by Hartwell, “The Schizophrenogenic Mother Concept in American Psychiatry.”
CHAPTER 6
Geological information about the Woodmen Valley derives from John I. Kitch and Betsy B. Kitch, Woodmen Valley: Stage Stop to Suburb (Palmer Lake, Colo.: Filter Press, 1970).
CHAPTER 7
“a wastebasket diagnostic classification”: McNally, A Critical History of Schizophrenia, 153–54.
The second edition of the DSM, published in 1968: Seymour S. Kety, ed., “What Is Schizophrenia?,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 8, no. 4 (1982): 597–600.
CHAPTER 9
Except where noted, all material on NIMH’s study of the Genain family is from Rosenthal, The Genain Quadruplets. Specific citations from that text follow.
Every bit as consequential…as the case of Daniel Paul Schreber: Irving I. Gottesman, “Theory of Schizophrenia,” The British Medical Journal 1, no. 5427 (1965): 114.
Researchers in Europe and America conducted and published many major twin studies: Mads G. Henriksen, Julie Nordgaard, and Lennart B. Jansson, “Genetics of Schizophrenia: Overview of Methods, Findings and Limitations,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11 (2017).
1928: H. Luxenburger, “Vorläufiger Bericht über psychiatrische Serienuntersuchungen an Zwillingen,” Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 116 (1928), 297–326.
1946: F. J. Kallmann, “The Genetic Theory of Schizophrenia; an Analysis of 691 Schizophrenic Twin Index Families,” American Journal of Psychiatry 103 (1946), 309–22.
1953: Eliot Slater, “Psychotic and Neurotic Illnesses in Twins” (1953), in Slater, Man, Mind, and Heredity, 12–124.
“When one first learns”: Rosenthal, The Genain Quadruplets, 7.
Nora was the firstborn: Ibid., 362.
Iris, meanwhile: Ibid., 16–17.
Hester was quiet: Ibid.
Myra had a more “sparkling” personality: Ibid., 364.
the girls’ mother had tried to separate Nora and Myra from Iris and Hester: Ibid., 73.
“It is easy to see that”: Ibid., 567.
the “extreme situation” concept: Ibid., 548.
“an atmosphere of fear, suspicion and distrust”: Ibid., 566.
“We must be more circumspect yet more precise in our theory-building”: Ibid., 579.
CHAPTER 10
When the hospital first opened with about a dozen patients: Nell Mitchell, The 13th Street Review, 7.
“We considered it a minor operation”: Mike Anton, “Colorado Routinely Sterilized the Mentally Ill Before 1960,” Rocky Mountain News, November 21, 1999.