By the 1950s, the hospital housed more than five thousand patients: Nell Mitchell, The 13th Street Review, 47.
“These are mostly psychopaths”: Telfer, The Caretakers, 218.
85 A New York Times reviewer called The Caretakers a clarion call: Frank G. Slaughter, “Life in a Snake-Pit,” New York Times, November 22, 1959.
a scathing thirty-page attack: “Pueblo Grand Jury Blasts State Hospital Program,” Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph, May 19, 1962.
“euphoric quietude”: M. Lacomme et al., “Obstetric Analgesia Potentiated by Associated Intravenous Dolosal with RP 4560,” Bulletin de la Fédération des Sociétés de Gynécologie et d’Óbstetrique de Langue Française 4: (1952): 558–62, cited by Bertha K. Madras, “History of the Discovery of the Antipsychotic Dopamine D2 Receptor: A Basis for the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 62–78.
“chemical lobotomy”: H. Laborit and P. Huguenard, “L’hibernation artificielle par moyens pharmacodynamiques et physiques,” Presse médicale 59 (1951): 1329, cited by Heinz E. Lehmann and Thomas A. Ban, “The History of the Psychopharmacology of Schizophrenia,” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 2 (March 1997): 152–62.
side effects: Theocharis Kyziridis, “Notes on the History of Schizophrenia,” German Journal of Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (2005): 42–48.
Arvid Carlsson suggested that Thorazine: Arvid Carlsson and Maria L. Carlsson, “A Dopaminergic Deficit Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: The Path to Discovery,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (March 2006): 137–42.
known as the “dopamine hypothesis”: Bertha K. Madras, “History of the Discovery of the Antipsychotic Dopamine D2 Receptor: A Basis for the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia.”
even better than Thorazine: S. Marc Breedlove, Neil V. Watson, and Mark R. Rosenzweig, Biological Psychology, 5th ed. (Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 2007), 491.
CHAPTER 13
“the existing mediocrity”: Sartre, The Psychology of Imagination, 169, cited by Laing, The Divided Self, 84–85.
schizophrenia was an act of self-preservation by a wounded soul: Laing, The Divided Self, 73, 75, 77.
“lobotomies and tranquilizers”: Ibid., 12.
a way of playing possum…better to turn oneself into a stone: Ibid., 51.
sociologist Erving Goffman: McNally, A Critical History of Schizophrenia, 149.
schizophrenics were almost like prophets: Arieti, Interpretation of Schizophrenia, 125–26.
insanity was a concept wielded by the powerful against the disenfranchised: Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness, 188, 176.
a war of wits inside of an insane asylum: Kesey, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.
“secondary element”: Fromm-Reichmann, “On Loneliness” (posthumously published essay), Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 328.
“If the human race survives”: Laing, The Politics of Experience, 107.
called the family structure a metaphor for authoritarian society: Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, 34–35.
CHAPTER 14
The account of the Puerto Rico conference comes from Rosenthal and Kety, eds., The Transmission of Schizophrenia. Specific citations follow.
their study in Denmark: David Rosenthal, “Three Adoption Studies of Heredity in the Schizophrenic Disorders,” International Journal of Mental Health 1, no. 1/2 (1972): 63–75.
a study that reached a very similar conclusion: Irving Gottesman and James Shields, “A Polygenic Theory of Schizophrenia,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 58, no. 1 (July 1, 1967): 199–205.
a childhood spent in chaos or poverty could be one cause: Melvin L. Kohn, “Social Class and Schizophrenia,” in Rosenthal and Kety, eds., The Transmission of Schizophrenia, 156–57.
“embittered, aggressive and devoid of natural warmth”: Yrjö O. Alanen, “From the Mothers of Schizophrenic Patients to Interactional Family Dynamics,” in Rosenthal and Kety, eds., The Transmission of Schizophrenia, 201, 205.
“he perceives very faulty nurturance”: Theodore Lidz, “The Family, Language, and the Transmission of Schizophrenia,” in Rosenthal and Kety, eds., The Transmission of Schizophrenia, 175.
“white-shirted French duel”: David Rosenthal, “The Heredity-Environment Issue in Schizophrenia: Summary of the Conference and Present Status of Our Knowledge,” in Rosenthal and Kety, eds., The Transmission of Schizophrenia, 413.
“warring camps”: David Reiss, “Competing Hypotheses and Warring Factions: Applying Knowledge of Schizophrenia,” first presented in 1970 and later published in Schizophrenia Bulletin 8 (1974): 7–11.
“the case for heredity has held up convincingly”: Rosenthal, “The Heredity-Environment Issue in Schizophrenia,” 415.
“In the strictest sense, it is not schizophrenia that is inherited”: Ibid., 416.
“The genes that are implicated”: Ibid.
CHAPTER 16
a phone call from Noni’s boss’s wife: “Apparent Murder-Suicide of Lodi Girl, Boyfriend,” Lodi News-Sentinel, September 8, 1973.
CHAPTER 18
In 1979, Wyatt’s team published research: Daniel Weinberger, E. Fuller Torrey, A. N. Neophytides, and R. J. Wyatt, “Lateral Cerebral Ventricular Enlargement in Chronic Schizophrenia,” Archives of General Psychiatry 36, no. 7 (July 1979): 735–39.
“In 1978, Gershon had coauthored”: R. O. Rieder and E. S. Gershon, “Genetic Strategies in Biological Psychiatry,” Archives of General Psychiatry 35, no. 7 (July 1978): 866–73.
CHAPTER 19
one of a handful of pharmacologists tapped by the CIA: “Private Institutions Used in C.I.A. Effort to Control Behavior,” New York Times, August 2, 1977.
“holding tank”: Carl C. Pfeiffer, “Psychiatric Hospital vs. Brain Bio Center in Diagnosis of Biochemical Imbalances,” Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry 5, no. 1 (1976): 28–34.
CHAPTER 21