CHAPTER 2
All descriptions of Daniel Paul Schreber’s illness are from his memoir, Memoirs of My Nervous Illness.
King Saul: Freedman, The Madness Within Us, 5.
Joan of Arc: Ibid.
Kraepelin used the termdementia praecox : Arieti, Interpretation of Schizophrenia, 10.
Kraepelin believed that dementia praecox was caused by a “toxin”: McAuley, The Concept of Schizophrenia, 35, 27.
Eugen Bleuler created the term schizophrenia: Gottesman and Wolfgram, Schizophrenia Genesis, 14–15; DeLisi, 101 Questions & Answers About Schizophrenia: Painful Minds, xxiii.
When Sigmund Freud finally cracked open Schreber’s memoir: Bair, Jung: A Biography, 149.
he had never thought it was worth the trouble to put any of them on the analyst’s couch: Thomas H. McGlashan, “Psychosis as a Disorder of Reduced Cathectic Capacity: Freud’s Analysis of the Schreber Case Revisited,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 476–81.
“a kind of revelation”: The Freud/Jung Letters, 214F (October 1, 1910).
“director of a mental hospital”: Ibid., 187F (April 22, 1910).
Freud’s Psycho-Analytic Notes: Reprinted in Freud, Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 12.
psychotic delusions were little more than waking dreams: Lothane, In Defense of Schreber, 340, cited in Smith, Muses, Madmen, and Prophets, 198.
All the same symbols and metaphors: The Freud/Jung Letters, 214F (October 1, 1910).
a fear of castration: Ibid., 218F (October 31, 1910).
“Don’t forget that Schreber’s father was a doctor”: Ibid.
“uproariously funny” and “brilliantly written”: Ibid., 243J (March 19, 1911), cited by Karen Bryce Funt, “From Memoir to Case History: Schreber, Freud and Jung,” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 20, no. 4 (1987): 97–115.
Jung fundamentally disagreed with him: Karen Funt, “From Memoir to Case History”; and Zvi Lothane, “The Schism Between Freud and Jung over Schreber: Its Implications for Method and Doctrine,” International Forum of Psychoanalysis 6, no. 2 (1997): 103–15.
sparring about this on and off for years: The Freud/Jung Letters, 83J (April 18, 1908) and 11F (January 1, 1907).
“In my view the concept of libido”: Ibid., 282J (November 14, 1911).
Jung made that same case again and again: Ibid., 287J (December 11, 1911).
“Your technique of treating your pupils”: Ibid., 338J (December 18, 1912).
“cannot be explained solely by the loss of erotic interest”: Jung, Jung Contra Freud, 39–40.
“He went terribly wrong”: Bair, Jung: A Biography, 149.
schizophrenia affects an estimated one in one hundred people: Most available analyses of the prevalence of schizophrenia drift around this one percent figure. One recent example: Jonna Perälä, Jaana Suvisaari, Samuli I. Saarni, Kimmo Kuoppasalmi, Erkki Isometsä, Sami Pirkola, Timo Partonen, et al., “Lifetime Prevalence of Psychotic and Bipolar I Disorders in a General Population,” Archives of General Psychiatry 64, no. 1 (January 2007): 19–28.
A more nuanced breakdown of the estimates follows, from Michael J. Owen, Akira Sawa, and Preben B. Mortensen, “Schizophrenia,” Lancet (London, England) 388, no. 10039 (July 2, 2016): 86–97: “Schizophrenia occurs worldwide, and for decades it was generally thought to have a uniform lifetime morbid risk of 1% across time, geography, and sex. The implication is either that environmental factors are not important in conferring risk or that the relevant exposures are ubiquitous across all populations studied. This view of uniform risk was efficiently dismantled only in 2008 in a series of meta-analyses by McGrath and colleagues [Epidemiologic Reviews 30 (2008): 67–76]. They provided central estimates of an incidence per 100,000 population per year of roughly 15 in men and 10 in women, a point prevalence of 4.6 per 1000, and a lifetime morbid risk of around 0.7%. These estimates were based on fairly conservative diagnostic criteria; when broad criteria—including other psychotic disorders such as delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and psychosis not otherwise specified—were applied, the rates were higher by 2–3 times.”
a third of all the psychiatric hospital beds in the United States: “U.S. Health Official Puts Schizophrenia Costs at $65 Billion.” Comments by Richard Wyatt, M.D., chief of neuropsychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, at a meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Available online at the Schizophrenia homepage (http://www.schizophrenia.com/news/costs1.html), May 9, 1996.
about 40 percent of adults: NIMH statistic, cited in McFarling, Usha Lee, “A Journey Through Schizophrenia from Researcher to Patient and Back,” STAT, June 14, 2016.
One out of every twenty cases of schizophrenia ends in suicide: Kayhee Hor and Mark Taylor, “Suicide and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Rates and Risk Factors,” Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 24, no. 4, supplement (November 2010): 81–90.
Jacques Lacan, the French psychoanalyst: Jacques Lacan, “On a Question Preliminary to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis,” Ecrits: A Selection, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), 200–201, cited by Martin Wallen, “Body Linguistics in Schreber’s ‘Memoirs’ and De Quincey’s ‘Confessions,’ ” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 24, no. 2 (1991): 93–108.
By the 1970s, Michel Foucault: Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 194; and Noam Chomsky and Michel Foucault, The Chomsky-Foucault Debate, 33.
“Schizophrenia is a disease of theories”: Author’s interview with Edward Shorter.
CHAPTER 4
Frieda Fromm-Reichmann biographical information and Chestnut Lodge historical information, except where specified, is drawn from Fromm-Reichmann, Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Foreword by Edith Weigert, v–x.
the young man who assaulted Fromm-Reichmann: Fromm-Reichmann, “Remarks on the Philosophy of Mental Disorder” (1946), Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 20.
the man who kept silent for weeks: John S. Kafka, “Chestnut Lodge and the Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychosis,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 27–47.
the woman who threw stones: Fromm-Reichmann, “Problems of Therapeutic Management in a Psychoanalytic Hospital” (1947), Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 147.