secondary hair is for display: Bainbridge, Teenagers, 44–45.
We each grow about twenty-five feet of hair: The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry, podcast, BBC Radio 4, Aug. 22, 2016.
The system introduced the concept of the mug shot: Cole, Suspect Identities, 49.
The uniqueness of fingerprints was first established: Smith, Body, 409.
They are assumed to aid in gripping: Linden, Touch, 37.
why our fingers wrinkle when we have long baths: “Why Do We Get Prune Fingers?,” Smithsonian.com, Aug. 6, 2015.
a condition known as adermatoglyphia: “Adermatoglyphia: The Genetic Disorder of People Born Without Fingerprints,” Smithsonian, Jan. 14, 2014.
Most quadrupeds cool by panting: Daniel E. Lieberman, “Human Locomotion and Heat Loss: An Evolutionary Perspective,” Comprehensive Physiology 5, no. 1 (Jan. 2015).
“The loss of most of our body hair”: Jablonski, Living Color, 26.
a man who weighs 155 pounds: Stark, Last Breath, 283–85.
Although salt is only a tiny part: Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, 139.
Sweating is activated by the release of adrenaline: Ibid., 122.
Emotional sweating is what is measured: Tallis, Kingdom of Infinite Space, 23.
The two chemicals that account for the odor: Bainbridge, Teenagers, 48.
the number of bacteria on you: Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, 11.
To make one’s hands safely clean: Gawande, Better, 14–15; “What Is the Right Way to Wash Your Hands?,” Atlantic, Jan. 23, 2017.
One volunteer harbored a microbe: National Geographic News, Nov. 14, 2012.
The problem with antibacterial soaps: Blaser, Missing Microbes, 200.
They have lived with us for so long: David Shultz, “What the Mites on Your Face Say About Where You Came From,” Science, Dec. 14, 2015, www.sciencemag.org.
Studies of scratching showed: Linden, Touch, 185.
the most extraordinary case of unappeasable suffering: Ibid., 187–89.
We have about 100,000: Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, 38–39.
a hormone called dihydrotestosterone: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, July 2012, 305.
considering how easily some of us lose it: Andrews, Life That Lives on Man, 42.
CHAPTER 3: MICROBIAL YOU
For nitrogen to be useful to us: Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, 58.
Humans produce twenty digestive enzymes: Interview with Professor Christopher Gardner of Stanford University, Palo Alto, Jan. 29, 2018.
the average bacterium weighs about one-trillionth: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, July 2014; West, Scale, 1.
But bacteria can swap genes: Crawford, Invisible Enemy, 14.
A single parent bacterium could in theory: Lane, Power, Sex, Suicide, 114.
In three days, its progeny: Maddox, What Remains to Be Discovered, 170.
If you put all Earth’s microbes in one heap: Crawford, Invisible Enemy, 13.
you are likely to have something like 40,000 species: “Learning About Who We Are,” Nature, June 14, 2012; “Molecular-Phylogenetic Characterization of Microbial Community Imbalances in Human Inflammatory Bowel Diseases,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Aug. 15, 2007.
Altogether your private load of microbes: Blaser, Missing Microbes, 25; Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, 13.
In 2016, researchers from Israel and Canada: Nature, June 8, 2016.
Microbial communities can be surprisingly specific: “The Inside Story,” Nature, May 28, 2008.
just 1,415 are known to cause disease in humans: Crawford, Invisible Enemy, 15–16; Pasternak, Molecules Within Us, 143.
all these microbes have almost nothing in common: “The Microbes Within,” Nature, Feb. 25, 2015.
The herpes virus has endured: “They Reproduce, but They Don’t Eat, Breathe, or Excrete,” London Review of Books, March 9, 2001.
If you blew one up to the size of a tennis ball: Ben-Barak, Invisible Kingdom, 4.
he called the mysterious agent contagium vivum fluidum: Roossinck, Virus, 13.
Of the hundreds of thousands of viruses: Economist, June 24, 2017, 76.
Proctor found that the average quart of seawater: Zimmer, Planet of Viruses, 42–44.
ocean viruses alone if laid end to end: Crawford, Deadly Companions, 13.
Colds unquestionably are more frequent in winter: “Cold Comfort,” New Yorker, March 11, 2002, 42.
The common cold is not a single illness: “Unraveling the Key to a Cold Virus’s Effectiveness,” New York Times, Jan. 8, 2015.
In one, a volunteer was fitted with a device: “Cold Comfort,” 45.
In a similar study at the University of Arizona: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Jan. 2017, 127.
In the real world, such infestations: “Germs Thrive at Work, Too,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 30, 2014.
Where microbes thrive is in the fabrics: Nature, June 25, 2015, 400.
Cryptococcus gattii was for decades: Scientific American, Dec. 2013, 47.
A most arresting illustration of that: “Giant Viruses,” American Scientist, July—Aug. 2011; Zimmer, Planet of Viruses, 89–91; “The Discovery and Characterization of Mimivirus, the Largest Known Virus and Putative Pneumonia Agent,” Emerging Infections, May 21, 2007; “Ironmonger Who Found a Unique Colony,” Daily Telegraph, Oct. 15, 2004; Bradford Telegraph and Argus, Oct. 15, 2014; “Out on a Limb,” Nature, Aug. 4, 2011.
Max von Pettenkofer was so vehemently offended: Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, 179.
Salvarsan was effective against only a few things: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71 (2016).
The principal investigator at Oxford: Lax, Mould in Dr. Florey’s Coat, 77–79.
He was an unlikely candidate: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. “Chain, Sir Ernst Boris.”
By early 1941, they had just enough to trial the drug: Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, 3–12; Economist, May 21, 2016, 19.
a lab assistant in Peoria named Mary Hunt: “Penicillin Comes to Peoria,” Historynet, June 2, 2014.