The anatomist’s word for swallowing: Collis, Living with a Stranger, 20.
choking is the fourth most common: Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, 297.
Henry Heimlich was something of a showman: “The Choke Artist,” New Republic, April 23, 2007; New York Times obituary, April 23, 2007.
2,374 imprudently ingested objects: Cappello, Swallow, 4–6; New York Times, Jan. 11, 2011.
Jackson was a cold and friendless man: Annals of Thoracic Surgery 57 (1994): 502–5.
A typical adult secretes: “Gut Health May Begin in the Mouth,” Harvard Magazine, Oct. 20, 2017.
we secrete about 31,700 quarts: Tallis, Kingdom of Infinite Space, 25.
a powerful painkiller called opiorphin: “Natural Painkiller Found in Human Spit,” Nature, Nov. 13, 2006.
We produce very little saliva while we sleep: Enders, Gut, 22.
150 different chemical compounds: Scientific American, May 2013, 20.
Altogether, about a thousand species of bacteria: Ibid.
Dawson’s team found that candle blowing: Clemson University press release, “A True Food Myth Buster,” Dec. 13, 2011.
teeth have been called “ready-made fossils”: Ungar, Evolution’s Bite, 5.
if you are a typical adult male: Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, 226.
the most regenerative of all cells in the body: New Scientist, March 16, 2013, 45.
In fact, that is a myth, traced to a textbook: Nature, June 21, 2012, S2.
the body has taste receptors in the gut and throat: Roach, Gulp, 46.
Taste receptors have also been found: New Scientist, Aug. 8, 2015, 40–41.
These contain a poison called tetrodotoxin: Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, 54; “Last Supper?,” Guardian, Aug. 5, 2016.
the British author Nicholas Evans: “I Wanted to Die. It Was So Grim,” Daily Telegraph, Aug. 2, 2011.
We have about ten thousand taste receptors: “A Matter of Taste?,” Chemistry World, Feb. 2017; Holmes, Flavor, 83; “Fire-Eaters,” New Yorker, Nov. 4, 2013.
A purified version of a Moroccan spurge plant: Holmes, Flavor, 85.
Chinese adults who ate a lot of capsaicin: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Jan. 2016, 47.
Some authorities believe we also have: New Scientist, Aug. 8, 2015, 40–41.
Today Ajinomoto is a behemoth: Mouritsen and Styrbaek, Umami, 28.
Smell is said to account for: Holmes, Flavor, 21.
The students without exception listed: BMC Neuroscience, Sept. 18, 2007.
if an orange-flavored drink is colored red: Scientific American, Jan. 2013, 69.
“are perhaps more extensively debated”: Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, 315.
Within or around it are nine cartilages: Ibid., 284.
Johann Dieffenbach, one of Germany’s most eminent surgeons: “The Paralysis of Stuttering,” New York Review of Books, April 26, 2012.
CHAPTER 7: THE HEART AND BLOOD
“Stopped”: Quoted in “In the Hands of Any Fool,” London Review of Books, July 3, 1997.
That symbol first appeared: Peto, Heart, 30.
Every hour your heart dispenses: Nuland, How We Die, 22.
It has been calculated: Morris, Body Watching, 11.
Of all the blood pumped out: Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, 88–89.
Every time you stand up: The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry, podcast, BBC Radio 4, Sept. 13, 2016.
Much of the early research on blood pressure: Amidon and Amidon, Sublime Engine, 116; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. “Hales, Stephen.”
Well into the twentieth century: “Why So Many of Us Die of Heart Disease,” Atlantic, March 6, 2018.
in 2017 the American Heart Association: “New Blood Pressure Guidelines Put Half of US Adults in Unhealthy Range,” Science News, Nov. 13, 2017.
At least 50 million Americans: Amidon and Amidon, Sublime Engine, 227.
In the United States alone: Health, United States, 2016, DHSS Publication No. 2017-1232, May 2017.
A heart attack and a cardiac arrest: Wolpert, You’re Looking Very Well, 18; “Don’t Try This at Home,” London Review of Books, Aug. 29, 2013.
For about a quarter of victims: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, April 2017, 240.
A woman is more likely to experience: Brooks, At the Edge of Uncertainty, 104–5.
the Hmong people of Southeast Asia: Amidon and Amidon, Sublime Engine, 191–92.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the condition: “When Genetic Autopsies Go Awry,” Atlantic, Oct. 11, 2016.
The triggering event for public awareness: Pearson, Life Project, 101–3.
the Framingham study recruited five thousand local adults: Ibid.; framinghamheartstudy.org.
he fed a catheter into an artery in his arm: Nourse, Body, 85.
build a machine that could oxygenate blood artificially: Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, 95; National Academy of Sciences, biographical memoir by Harris B. Schumacher Jr., Washington, D.C., 1982.
In 1958, a Swedish engineer named Rune Elmqvist: Ashcroft, Spark of Life, 152–53.
in 2000 he killed himself: New York Times obituary, Aug. 21, 2000; “Interview: Dr. Steven E. Nissen,” Take One Step, PBS, Aug. 2006, www.pbs.org.
To remove a beating heart: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Oct. 2017, 476.
Frey’s sample contained a fungus: Ibid., 247.
success rates of 80 percent: Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, 102.
Today some four to five thousand heart transplants: Amidon and Amidon, Sublime Engine, 198–99.
The young woman’s parents argue: Economist, April 28, 2018, 56.
“Heart disease kills about the same number”: Kinch, Prescription for Change, 112.
By 2000, a million precautionary angioplasties: Welch, Less Medicine, More Health, 34–36.
“This is really American medicine at its worst”: Ibid., 38.
A newborn baby contains only about eight ounces: Collis, Living with a Stranger, 28.