twenty-five thousand miles of blood vessels: Pasternak, Molecules Within Us, 58.
a single drop of blood: Hill, Blood, 14–15.
In the United States, plasma sales: Economist, May 12, 2018, 12.
Hemoglobin has one strange and dangerous quirk: Annals of Medicine, New Yorker, Jan. 31, 1970.
Each will be shot around your body: Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, 85.
In severe bleeding, the body: Miller, Body in Question, 121–22.
They also play important roles in immune response: Nature, Sept. 28, 2017, S13.
Nearly all Harvey’s peers thought him: Zimmer, Soul Made Flesh, 74.
Harvey couldn’t explain how blood circulating: Wootton, Bad Medicine, 95–98.
Lower transfused about half a pint: “An Account of the Experiment of Transfusion, Practised upon a Man in London,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Dec. 9, 1667.
William Osler, author of The Principles and Practice of Medicine: “An Autopsy of Dr. Osler,” New York Review of Books, May 25, 2000.
Although everybody reads and pronounces: Nourse, Body, 184.
There are some four hundred kinds of antigens: Sanghavi, Map of the Child, 64
“Blood is a living tissue”: Dr. Allan Doctor interview, Oxford, Sept. 18, 2018.
For more than fifty years: “The Quest for One of Science’s Holy Grails: Artificial Blood,” Stat, Feb. 27, 2017; “Red Blood Cell Substitutes,” Chemistry World, Feb. 16, 2018.
a $1.6 million saving in costs: “Save Blood, Save Lives,” Nature, April 2, 2015.
CHAPTER 8: THE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
One twelve-year-old boy was left so hungry: Bliss, Discovery of Insulin, 37.
“wrongly conceived, wrongly conducted”: Ibid., 12–13.
“The discovery of insulin”: “The Pissing Evile,” London Review of Books, Dec. 1, 1983.
Others have suggested an imbalance: “Cause and Effect,” Nature, May 17, 2012.
Between 1980 and 2014, the number of adults: Nature, May 26, 2016, 460.
That means that insulin levels: “The Edmonton Protocol,” New Yorker, Feb. 10, 2003.
“I love hormones”: Interviews with Dr. John Wass, Oxford, March 21 and Sept. 17, 2018.
Starling coined the term “hormone”: Sengoopta, Most Secret Quintessence of Life, 4.
History’s most famous sufferer: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dec. 1, 2006, 4849–53; “The Medical Ordeals of JFK,” Atlantic, Dec. 2002.
Yet in tests where oxytocin: Nature, June 25, 2015, 410–12.
Perhaps no one has better understood: Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, London, Nov. 1998; New York Times obituary, Jan. 19, 1995.
In what way exactly testosterone might shorten: Bribiescas, Men, 202.
there is much greater evidence: New Scientist, May 16, 2015, 32.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Nature, Nov. 23, 2017, S85; Annals of Internal Medicine, Nov. 6, 2018.
Each day they process about 190 quarts: Pasternak, Molecules Within Us, 60.
As we age, the bladder loses elasticity: Nuland, How We Die, 55.
the urinary world is at least somewhat microbial: Nature, Nov. 9, 2017, S40.
Probably history’s most famous lithotomy: Tomalin, Samuel Pepys, 60–65.
Pepys for his part marked the anniversary: “Samuel Pepys and His Stones,” Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons 59 (1977).
CHAPTER 9: IN THE DISSECTING ROOM: THE SKELETON
“Feel this,” Dr. Ben Ollivere is saying to me: Dr. Ben Ollivere interview, Nottingham, June 23–24, 2017.
there was a brief scandal in America: “Yale Students and Dental Professor Took Selfie with Severed Heads,” Guardian, Feb. 5, 2018.
When the great anatomist Andreas Vesalius: Wootton, Bad Medicine, 74.
William Harvey, in England, was so desperate: Larson, Severed, 217.
Falloppio and the criminal together: Wootton, Bad Medicine, 91.
All of his illustrations had to be drawn: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Oct. 2009, 342–45.
regular exercise helps to stave off Alzheimer’s: “Do Our Bones Influence Our Minds?,” New Yorker, Nov. 1, 2013.
It takes one hundred muscles: Collis, Living with a Stranger, 56.
Studies by NASA have shown: NASA information sheet, “Muscle Atrophy.”
Sir Charles Bell, the great: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. “Bell, Sir Charles.”
What we do have in our thumbs: Roberts, Incredible Unlikeliness of Being, 333–35.
A good deal of what we know: Francis, Adventures in Human Being, 126–27.
The average human walks at a pace: “Gait Analysis: Principles and Applications,” American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Oct. 1995.
ostriches have eliminated this problem: Taylor, Body by Darwin, 85.
“as early as the eighteenth year”: Medawar, Uniqueness of the Individual, 109.
An estimated 60 percent of adults: Wall, Pain, 100–101.
surgeons perform over 800,000 joint replacements: “The Coming Revolution in Knee Repair,” Scientific American, March 2015.
Almost no one has heard of Charnley: Le Fanu, Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine, 104–8.
Three-quarters of men and half of women: Wolpert, You’re Looking Very Well, 21.
CHAPTER 10: ON THE MOVE: BIPEDALISM AND EXERCISE
In 2016, anthropologists at the University of Texas: “Perimortem Fractures in Lucy Suggest Mortality from Fall out of Tall Tree,” Nature, Sept. 22, 2016.
A chimpanzee uses four times: Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, 42.
Fossil evidence suggests that early hominins: “The Evolution of Marathon Running,” Sports Medicine 37, no. 4–5 (2007); “Elastic Energy Storage in the Shoulder and the Evolution of High-Speed Throwing in Homo,” Nature, June 27, 2013.
Jeremy Morris, became convinced: Jeremy Morris obituary, New York Times, Nov. 7, 2009.