His most notorious failure was Rosemary Kennedy: Ibid., 173–74.
the very fact that the brain is so snugly encased: Sanghavi, Map of the Child, 107; Bainbridge, Beyond the Zonules of Zinn, 233–35.
known as contrecoup injuries: Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, 217.
In Britain, epilepsy remained on the statute books: Literary Review, Aug. 2016, 36.
“The history of epilepsy can be summarised”: British Medical Journal 315 (1997).
Capgras syndrome is a condition: “Can the Brain Explain Your Mind?,” New York Review of Books, March 24, 2011.
In Klüver-Bucy syndrome, the victims: “Urge,” New York Review of Books, Sept. 24, 2015.
Perhaps the most bizarre of all: Sternberg, NeuroLogic, 133.
Locked-in syndrome is different again: Owen, Into the Grey Zone, 4.
No one knows how many: “The Mind Reader,” Nature Neuroscience, June 13, 2014.
It may be simply that a less robust: Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, 556; “If Modern Humans Are So Smart, Why Are Our Brains Shrinking?,” Discover, Jan. 20, 2011.
CHAPTER 5: THE HEAD
Mary, Queen of Scots, needed three hearty whacks: Larson, Severed, 13.
Charlotte Corday, guillotined in 1793: Ibid., 246.
Davis became so celebrated: Australian Indigenous Law Review, no. 92 (2007); New Literatures Review, University of Melbourne, Oct. 2004.
He was convinced that a person’s intellect: Anthropological Review, Oct. 1868, 386–94.
he referred to it as “Mongolism”: Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, 249; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
In one case, cited by Stephen Jay Gould: Gould, Mismeasure of Man, 138.
In 1861, during an autopsy on a stroke victim: Le Fanu, Why Us?, 180; “The Inferiority Complex,” New York Review of Books, Oct. 22, 1981.
No two authorities seem to agree: See McNeill, Face, 180; Perrett, In Your Face, 21; “A Conversation with Paul Ekman,” New York Times, Aug. 5, 2003.
Babies fresh from the womb: McNeill, Face, 4.
Although the change was too slight: Ibid., 26.
the French anatomist G.-B. Duchenne de Boulogne: New Yorker, Jan. 12, 2015, 35.
we all indulge in “microexpressions”: “Conversation with Paul Ekman.”
in favor of our small, active eyebrows: “Scientists Have an Intriguing New Theory About Our Eyebrows and Foreheads,” Vox, April 9, 2018.
One of the reasons the Mona Lisa: Perrett, In Your Face, 18.
external nose and intricate sinuses: Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, 312.
we have as many as thirty-three systems: The Uncommon Senses, BBC Radio 4, March 20, 2017.
your own white blood cells: “Blue Sky Sprites,” Naked Scientists, podcast, May 17, 2016; “Evolution of the Human Eye,” Scientific American, July 2011, 53.
muscae volitantes, or “hovering flies”: “Meet the Culprits Behind Bright Lights and Strange Floaters in Your Vision,” Smithsonian.com, Dec. 24, 2014.
If you held a human eyeball: McNeill, Face, 24.
The lens, which gets all the credit: Davies, Life Unfolding, 231.
Tears not only keep our eyelids: Lutz, Crying, 67–68.
you produce about five to ten ounces of tears: Ibid., 69.
Our scleras are unique: Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, 388.
Their main problem isn’t that their world is pallid: “Outcasts of the Islands,” New York Review of Books, March 6, 1997.
Much later, primates re-evolved the ability: National Geographic, Feb. 2016, 56.
The movements of the eye are called saccades: New Scientist, May 14, 2011, 356; Eagleman, Brain, 60.
Victorian naturalists sometimes cited this: Blakelaw and Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body, 82; Roberts, Incredible Unlikeliness of Being, 114; Eagleman, Incognito, 32.
They were jawbones in our ancient ancestors: Shubin, Your Inner Fish, 160–62.
A pressure wave that moves the eardrum: Goldsmith, Discord, 6–7.
From the quietest detectable sound to the loudest: Ibid., 161.
This means that all sound waves: Bathurst, Sound, 28–29.
The term was coined by Colonel Sir Thomas Fortune Purves: Ibid., 124.
The reason we feel dizzy: Bainbridge, Beyond the Zonules of Zinn, 110.
When loss of balance is prolonged: Francis, Adventures in Human Being, 63.
half of people under the age of thirty: “World Without Scent,” Atlantic, Sept. 12, 2015.
“Smell is something of an orphan science”: Interview with Gary Beauchamp, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, 2016.
the receptors are activated: Al-Khalili and McFadden, Life on the Edge, 158–59.
A banana, for example, contains three hundred volatiles: Shepherd, Neurogastronomy, 34–37.
Tomatoes have four hundred: Gilbert, What the Nose Knows, 45.
The smell of burned almonds: Brook, At the Edge of Uncertainty, 149.
The smell of licorice: “Secret of Liquorice Smell Unravelled,” Chemistry World, Jan. 2017.
it was first suggested way back in 1927: Holmes, Flavor, 49.
In 2014, researchers at the Université: Science, March 21, 2014.
why certain odors are so powerfully evocative of memories: Monell website, “Olfaction Primer: How Smell Works.”
researchers at the University of California: “Mechanisms of Scent-Tracking in Humans,” Nature, Jan. 4, 2007.
For five of fifteen smells tested: Holmes, Flavor, 63.
Babies and mothers are similarly skillful: Gilbert, What the Nose Knows, 63.
One of the early symptoms of Alzheimer’s: Platoni, We Have the Technology, 39.
Ninety percent of people who lose smell: Blodgett, Remembering Smell, 19.
CHAPTER 6: DOWN THE HATCH: THE MOUTH AND THROAT
Midway through the entertainment: “Profiles,” New Yorker, Sept. 9, 1953; Vaughan, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 196–97.
he was the person who first postulated: Birkhead, Most Perfect Thing, 150.