Every bit of penicillin made since that day: Blaser, Missing Microbes, 60; “The Real Story Behind Penicillin,” PBS NewsHour website, Sept. 27, 2013.
The British discoverers found to their chagrin: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. “Florey, Howard Walter.”
Chain, despite sharing the Nobel Prize: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. “Chain, Sir Ernst Boris.”
By attacking a broad spectrum of bacteria: New Yorker, Oct. 22, 2012, 36.
Grant ended up in Yale New Haven Hospital: Interview with Michael Kinch, Washington University of St. Louis, April 18, 2018.
antibiotics are prescribed for 70 percent of acute bronchitis cases: “Superbug: An Epidemic Begins,” Harvard Magazine, May—June 2014.
most Americans consume secondhand antibiotics: Blaser, Missing Microbes, 85; Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, July 2012, 306.
Sweden banned the agricultural use of antibiotics: Blaser, Missing Microbes, 84.
In 1977, the Food and Drug Administration: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, July 2012, 306.
In consequence, the death rate: Bakalar, Where the Germs Are, 5–6.
They not only have grown steadily more resistant: “Don’t Pick Your Nose,” London Review of Books, July 2004.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: “World Super Germ Born in Guildford,” Daily Telegraph, Aug. 26, 2001; “Squashing Superbugs,” Scientific American, July 2009.
Today, MRSA and its cousins kill: “A Dearth in Innovation for Key Drugs,” New York Times, July 22, 2014.
CRE kills about half of all those it sickens: Nature, July 25, 2013, 394.
“It’s just too expensive for them”: Kinch interview; “Resistance Is Futile,” Atlantic, Oct. 15, 2011.
all but two of the eighteen largest: “Antibiotic Resistance Is Worrisome, but Not Hopeless,” New York Times, March 8, 2016.
At the current rate of spread: BBC Inside Science, BBC Radio 4, June 9, 2016; Chemistry World, March 2018, 51.
produce quorum-sensing drugs: New Scientist, Dec. 14, 2013, 36.
the most abundant bioparticles on Earth: “Reengineering Life,” Discovery, BBC Radio 4, May 8, 2017.
CHAPTER 4: THE BRAIN
The consistency of the brain: “Thanks for the Memory,” New York Review of Books, Oct. 5, 2006; Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, 211.
Altogether, the human brain is estimated to hold: “Solving the Brain,” Nature Neuroscience, July 17, 2013.
It makes up just 2 percent of our body weight: Allen, Lives of the Brain, 188.
the brain is by far the most expensive of our organs: Bribiescas, Men, 42.
The most efficient brains: Winston, Human Mind, 210.
the number is more like 86 billion: “Myths That Will Not Die,” Nature, Dec. 17, 2015.
“in a single cubic centimeter of brain tissue”: Eagleman, Incognito, 2.
It is divided into two hemispheres: Ashcroft, Spark of Life, 227; Allen, Lives of the Brain, 19.
six patches on the temporal lobe: “How Your Brain Recognizes All Those Faces,” Smithsonian.com, June 6, 2017.
Although the cerebellum occupies just 10 percent: Allen, Lives of the Brain, 14; Zeman, Consciousness, 57; Ashcroft, Spark of Life, 228–29.
how slowly or rapidly we age: “A Tiny Part of the Brain Appears to Orchestrate the Whole Body’s Aging,” Stat, July 26, 2017.
People whose amygdalae are destroyed: O’Sullivan, Brainstorm, 91.
Your nightmares may simply be: “What Are Dreams?,” Nova, PBS, Nov. 24, 2009.
The eyes send a hundred billion signals: “Attention,” New Yorker, Oct. 1, 2014.
only about 10 percent of the information: Nature, April 20, 2017, 296.
“While we have the overwhelming impression”: Le Fanu, Why Us?, 199.
implant entirely false memories in people’s heads: Guardian, Dec. 4, 2003, 8.
One year later, the psychologists asked: New Scientist, May 14, 2011, 39.
The mind breaks each memory: Bainbridge, Beyond the Zonules of Zinn, 287.
A single fleeting thought: Lieberman, Evolution of the Human Head, 183.
these fragments of memory: Le Fanu, Why Us?, 213; Winston, Human Mind, 82.
“It’s a little more like a Wikipedia page”: The Why Factor, BBC World Service, Sept. 6, 2013.
the United States has a national memory championship: Nature, April 7, 2011, 33.
The idea arose principally from a series: Draaisma, Forgetting, 163–70; “Memory,” National Geographic, Nov. 2007.
The person from whom we learned: “The Man Who Couldn’t Remember,” Nova, PBS, June 1, 2009; “How Memory Speaks,” New York Review of Books, May 22, 2014; New Scientist, Nov. 28, 2015, 36.
“Rarely in the history of neuroscience”: Nature Neuroscience, Feb. 2010, 139.
Brodmann was repeatedly overlooked: Neurosurgery, Jan. 2011, 6–11.
Both white matter and gray matter: Ashcroft, Spark of Life, 229.
the idea that we use only 10 percent: Scientific American, Aug. 2011, 35.
A teenager’s brain is only: “Get Knitting,” London Review of Books, Aug. 18, 2005.
The leading cause of deaths among teenagers: New Yorker, Aug. 31, 2015, 85.
The difficulty is that there is no certain way: “Human Brain Make New Nerve Cells,” Science News, April 5, 2018; All Things Considered transcript, National Public Radio, March 17, 2018.
The remaining third of his brain: Le Fanu, Why Us?, 192.
“If you were designing an organic machine”: “The Mystery of Consciousness,” New York Review of Books, Nov. 2, 1995.
In the 1880s, in a series of operations: Dittrich, Patient H.M., 79.
Moniz provided an almost perfect demonstration: “Unkind Cuts,” New York Review of Books, April 24, 1986.
The procedure was so crude: “The Lobotomy Files: One Doctor’s Legacy,” Wall Street Journal, Dec. 12, 2013.
Freeman was a psychiatrist with no surgical certification: El-Hai, Lobotomist, 209.
About two-thirds of Freeman’s subjects: Ibid., 171.