Koch Industries applied yet more pressure: Lonegan, former senior Koch Industries political operative speaking on background, interviews by author, 2017.
Bob Inglis . . . challenged by one of Koch’s candidates: Bob Inglis, former senior Koch Industries political operative speaking on background, interviews by author, 2017; Koch Industries donations to Trey Gowdy taken from campaign finance disclosure reports, “Trey Gowdy for Congress,” 2010; campaign finance database, Center for Responsive Politics; Rudolph Bell, “Spartanburg Prosecutor May Challenge Inglis,” Greenville News (SC), May 24, 2009; Bell, “Critics Blast Inglis,” Greenville News (SC), September 17, 2009; Bell, “Republican Field Narrows in 4th District Race,” Greenville News (SC), July 11, 2009; “Republican Congressional Races Take Shape,” State (Columbia, SC), June 14, 2009; Radnofsky and Phillips, “As US Political Divide Widened.”
Inglis and Gowdy met . . . tent next to a highway: “Landrum Debate Part 12,” video, 6:09, uploaded to YouTube by ThomasforCongress on May 24, 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8z2XsDR2qo.
As it pressured . . . built a hard wall of “no” votes: Carbon pledge figures taken from Americans for Prosperity website: “No Climate Tax,” archived pages from 2009–10, the Internet Archive.
As Koch Industries encircled . . . passing Obamacare: Phillips, Sharp, interviews by author, 2017; Lizza, “As the World Burns.”
Bob Inglis was fighting in a primary election against Trey Gowdy: Inglis, interviews by author, 2017.
It is difficult . . . to declare its final defeat: Phillips, interviews by author, 2017; Lizza, “As the World Burns”; “Hunt for Health Compromise Continues as Deadline Looms,” National Journal’s Congress Daily, July 20, 2009.
Americans for Prosperity . . . strongest position ever: Lonegan, interviews by author, 2017.
As AFP solidified . . . change it from within: Theda Skocpol and Alexander Hertel-Fernandez, “The Koch Network and Republican Party Extremism,” Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 3 (September 2016): 681–99.
In November . . . destroyed the Democratic majority: Jeff Zeleny, “GOP Captures House, but Not Senate,” New York Times, November 2, 2010.
The magnitude of this victory was immense: Charles Lewis, Eric Holmberg, Alexia Fernandez Campbell, and Lydia Beyoud, “Koch Millions Spread Influence Through Nonprofits, Colleges,” Investigative Reporting Workshop, last modified July 1, 2013.
One of the earliest . . . Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming: Phillips, Sharp, interviews by author, 2017.
In the absence . . . continued to soar: Data from Center for Climate and Energy Solutions Carbon Dioxide Emissions database, www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions; International Energy Agency, “Global Energy & CO2 Status Report,” 2017; Romm, Climate Change; carbon, parts per million in atmosphere, taken from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration database, accessed 2018.
After he left politics, Bob Inglis . . . climate change: Inglis, interview by author, 2017.
Charles Koch still felt threatened: Charles Koch to donors, September 24, 2010.
Security around the donor conference was intense: Former senior Koch Industries political operative speaking on background, interviews by author, 2017; Kate Zernike, “Secretive Republican Donors Are Planning Ahead,” New York Times, October 19, 2010; Rich Connell and Tom Hamburger, “Hundreds March Outside Koch Brothers’ Retreat,” Los Angeles Times, January 31, 2011; Jesse Marx, “Charles Koch to Indian Wells Donors: ‘I’m Still Here,’ ” Desert Sun (Palm Springs, CA), January 30, 2016.
The events had grown . . . since 2006: Charles Koch donor network agenda and brochure for gathering in Aspen, Colorado, June 27 and 28, 2010, “Understanding and Addressing Threats to American Free Enterprise and Prosperity.”
The publicity culminated in August of 2010: Jane Mayer, “Covert Operations,” New Yorker, August 30, 2010.
The whale . . . harpoons began to fly: Connell and Hamburger, “Hundreds March”; descriptions of protests taken from amateur video of event; Charles Koch quote taken from leaked audio from event.
“I remember talking to him . . . victims of the system”: Former Koch Industries senior political operative speaking on background, interview by author, 2017.
Charles Koch’s net worth doubled: Forbes Billionaires list, 2008–16.
CHAPTER 21: THE WAR FOR AMERICA’S BTUS
In the winter of 2010 . . . a series of business deals: Brad Razook, Tony Sementelli, interviews by author, 2018; “Koch Pipeline Company Expanding South Texas Crude Oil Pipeline Capabilities; Flint Hills Resources to Process Additional Supplies of Eagle Ford Production,” ENP Newswire, November 30, 2009.
Koch’s series of deals accelerated: Razook, Sementelli, interviews by author, 2018; “Koch Pipeline and Arrowhead Pipeline Add to South Texas Crude Oil Capacity,” ENP Newswire, September 29, 2010; “Koch Pipeline Company and NuStar Logistics Finalize Agreement on South Texas Crude Oil Pipeline Capacity to Move Eagle Ford Crude to Corpus Christi,” BusinessWire, October 18, 2010; “Koch Pipeline Company to Begin Building 16-Inch Crude Oil Pipeline in Texas,” Koch Pipeline Company online, last modified December 16, 2010; “Flint Hills Resources Adding Oil Shipping Capacity,” BusinessWire, February 17, 2011; “New Pipeline from Pettus to Corpus Christi Will Aid Eagle Ford Shale Production,” Victoria Advocate (TX), April 10, 2011.
The puzzling part . . . oil supplies that didn’t seem to exist: Eagle Ford region production and drilling rig figures taken from US Energy Information oil production database.
The wells . . . were the face of an energy revolution: Meghan L. O’Sullivan, Windfall: How the New Energy Abundance Upends Global Politics and Strengthens America’s Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 1–107.
The first signals emerged . . . around 2009: Razook, Sementelli, interviews by author, 2018; US natural gas production figures taken from US Energy Information gas production database.
This was the start of the fracking revolution: Michael Levi, The Power Surge: Energy, Opportunity, and the Battle for America’s Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 20–49.
The earliest waves . . . Koch’s leadership team: Feilmeier, Razook, Sementelli, interviews by author, 2013–18; US natural gas prices taken from US Energy Information gas price database.
Razook and other senior executives . . . top story of the Tower: Razook, Sementelli, interviews by author, 2018; descriptions of Flint Hills offices based on notes and photos from reporting trip, 2018.
One reason . . . fracking had been around since the 1970s: Meghan L. O’Sullivan, Windfall: How the New Energy Abundance Upends Global Politics and Strengthens America’s Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 21–26.
In 1980 . . . tax break for natural gas supplies: Alex Trembath, Jesse Jenkins, Ted Nordhaus, and Michael Shellenberger, “Where the Shale Gas Revolution Came From: Government’s Role in the Development of Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale,” Breakthrough Institute online, last modified May 2012; Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, “A Boom in Shale Gas? Credit the Feds,” Washington Post, December 16, 2011.