Going for regular walks reduces the risk: New Yorker, May 20, 2013, 46.
Being active for an hour or more: Scientific American, Aug. 2013, 71; “Is Exercise Really Medicine? An Evolutionary Perspective,” Current Sports Medicine Reports, July—Aug. 2015.
The ten-thousand-step idea: “Watch Your Step,” Guardian, Sept. 3, 2018.
Only about 20 percent of people: “Is Exercise Really Medicine?”
Today the average American walks: Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, 217–18.
“Some workers have reportedly”: Economist, Jan. 5, 2019, 50.
Modern hunter-gatherers, by contrast: “Is Exercise Really Medicine?”
“If you want to understand the human body”: Lieberman interview.
If everybody else in the world: “Eating Disorder,” Economist, June 19, 2012.
A bodybuilder and a couch potato: “The Fat Advantage,” Nature, Sept. 15, 2016.
the average woman in the United States: Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, Jan. 2016.
more than half of today’s children: “Interest in Ketogenic Diet Grows for Weight Loss and Type 2 Diabetes,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Jan. 16, 2018.
The current generation of young people: Zuk, Paleofantasy, 5.
The British are among the tubbiest: Economist, March 31, 2018, 30.
The global figure for obesity is 13 percent: Economist, Jan. 6, 2018, 20.
According to one calculation, you must walk: “The Bear’s Best Friend,” New York Review of Books, May 12, 2016.
people overestimate the number: “Exercise in Futility,” Atlantic, April 2016.
a worker on a factory floor: Lieberman, Story of the Human Body, 217.
People who sit a lot: “Are You Sitting Comfortably? Well, Don’t,” New Scientist, June 26, 2013.
If you spend an evening: “Our Amazingly Plastic Brains,” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 6, 2015; “The Futility of the Workout-Sit Cycle,” Atlantic, Aug. 16, 2016.
James Levine, an obesity expert: “Killer Chairs: How Desk Jobs Ruin Your Health,” Scientific American, Nov. 2014.
That alone burned 65 extra calories an hour: New Scientist, Aug. 25, 2012, 41.
“a pile of rubbish”: “The Big Fat Truth,” Nature, May 23, 2013.
CHAPTER 11: EQUILIBRIUM
little creatures have to produce heat: Blumberg, Body Heat, 35–38.
One area where animals are curiously: West, Scale, 197.
A typical mammal uses about thirty times: Lane, Power, Sex, Suicide, 179.
To move more than a very few degrees: Blumberg, Body Heat, 206.
That experiment largely recalled: Royal Society, “Experiments and Observations in a Heated Room by Charles Blagden, 1774.”
Curiously, no one knows quite why this happens: Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, 133–34; Blumberg, Body Heat, 146–47.
An increase of only a degree or so: Davis, Beautiful Cure, 113.
The idea, incidentally, that we lose most of our heat: “Myth: We Lose Most Heat from Our Heads,” Naked Scientists, podcast, Oct. 24, 2016.
The man who coined the term: Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 5, no. 15 (Feb. 1947): 407–23; American National Biography, s.v. “Cannon, Walter Bradford.”
paper on the practice of voodoo: “ ‘Voodoo’ Death,” American Anthropologist, April—June 1942.
Every day you produce and consume: West, Scale, 100.
you have only sixty grams: Lane, Vital Question, 63.
The person who discovered: Biographical Memoirs, Royal Society, London.
“I was your first wife”: Biochemistry and Biology Molecular Education 32, no. 1 (2004): 62–66.
A child half your height: “Size and Shape,” Natural History, Jan. 1974.
a British airman in World War II: “The Indestructible Alkemade,” RAF Museum website, posted Dec. 24, 2014.
Consider the case of little Erika Nordby: Edmonton Sun, Aug. 28, 2014.
Between 1998 and August 2018, almost eight hundred children: Full details can be found at the website noheatstroke.org.
The highest permanent settlements in the world: Ashcroft, Life at the Extremes, 8.
Tenzing Norgay and Raymond Lambert: Ibid., 26.
At sea level, about 40 percent of your blood volume: Ibid., 341.
Ashcroft notes the case of a pilot: Ibid., 19.
In Nazi Germany, healthy prisoners: Annas and Grodin, Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code, 25–26.
In a typical experiment, Chinese prisoners: Williams and Wallace, Unit 731, 42.
Some, for unfathomable reasons, were dissected: “Blood and Money,” New York Review of Books, Feb. 4, 1999.
When pregnant women or young children: Lax, Toxin, 123.
in 1984 a student from Keio University: Williams and Wallace, Unit 731.
CHAPTER 12: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
we have some three hundred different types of immune cells: “Ambitious Human Cell Atlas Aims to Catalog Every Type of Cell in the Body,” National Public Radio, Aug. 13, 2018.
If you are stressed or exhausted: “Department of Defense,” New York Review of Books, Oct. 8, 1987.
Altogether about 5 percent of us suffer: Davis, Beautiful Cure, 149.
“You could look at it and conclude”: Interview with Professor Daniel Davis, University of Manchester, Nov. 30, 2018.
“just about the cleverest little cells”: Bainbridge, Visitor Within, 185.
the thymus is a nursery for T cells: Davis, Compatibility Gene, 38.
“the last person to identify the function”: Lancet, Oct. 8, 2011, 1290.
Faulty inflammation has been linked: “Inflamed,” New Yorker, Nov. 30, 2015.
“the immune system gets so ramped up”: Kinch interview.
“vivacious, sociable, debonair, brilliant in conversation”: “High on Science,” New York Review of Books, Aug. 16, 1990.
“For all the clinical good-will”: Medawar, Uniqueness of the Individual, 132.